Aasaaska glaze-ka - Glazecalc

Waa maxay glaze

Glaze waa lakab khafiif ah oo dhalo ah oo dheriga ku dhalaalay. Glazy, keydka furan ee hababka glaze-ka, wuxuu ku tilmaamaa "qaab dhalo ah oo loo habeeyay inuu dhalaalo oo ku dhego dhoobada heerkulyo gaar ah". Wuxuu ku dul fadhiyaa sida lakab budo ah, kiln-ka (foornada dhoobada lagu dubo) gudihiisana wuxuu ku dhalaalaa oo noqdaa lakab dhalo u eg oo dhoobada xira, sidaas darteed dheriga waxaa yaraanaya inuu biyo ka daadiyo, wasakhoobo ama daalo. Marka gubiddu ugu kulul tahay, waxa dhalaalay wuxuu sidoo kale la falgalaa dhoobada, inta badan wuxuuna samaystaa lakab u dhexeeya labadooda oo glaze-ka xaggiisa ku qabta. Earthenware-ka, glaze-ku wuxuu dusha ka fadhiyaa sida lakab gooni ah; stoneware-ka, wuxuu ku dhalaalaa jirka dhoobada.

Hab wuxuu taxaa walxo ceeriin ah, sida feldspar, whiting iyo kaolin. Kiln-ka gudihiisa, qayb ka mid ah walax kasta waxay u baxdaa gaas ahaan (biyo ama kaarboon laba-oksaydh), inta kalena waxay noqotaa oksaydh (oxides): isku-dhis ka kooban curiye iyo oksijiin, sida silica (SiO₂) ama kaalshiyam oksaydh (CaO). Dhalada la gubay waxay ka samaysan tahay oksaydhyo, sidaas darteed dhoobo-sameeyayaashu glaze-ka waxay ku sharraxaan iyaga. Oksaydh kastaa wuxuu qabtaa mid ka mid ah saddex shaqo.

Silica (SiO₂) waa dhise-dhalo (glass former): waxay dhistaa dhalada. Silica saafi ah waxay dhalaashaa wixii ka kulul 1700 °C (3100 °F), aad uga kulul kiln dhoobo-samayn, glaze silica badanna guud ahaan wuu adkaysi badan yahay.
Fluxes waxay hoos u dhigaan heerka dhalaalka ilaa mid kiln-ku gaari karo. Alkalis-ka, oo loo qoro R₂O, waa oksaydhyada sodium, potassium iyo lithium (Na₂O, K₂O, Li₂O); waxay shaqeeyaan laga bilaabo cone 06 ilaa gubidda dhexe iyo tan sare. Alkaline earths-ka, oo loo qoro RO, waa oksaydhyada kaalshiyam, magnesium, barium iyo strontium (CaO, MgO, BaO, SrO), iyadoo zinc oksaydh (ZnO) lala kooxeeyo; waxay ugu fiican yihiin cone 5 ilaa cone 10. R-du waxay u taagan tahay bir kasta oo qoyskaas ka mid ah.
Alumina (Al₂O₃) waa dejiye (stabilizer). Waxay adkaysaa waxa dhalaalay si uu ugu sii jiro darbiyada taagan, waxayna ku dartaa adayg iyo adkaysi. Digniinta Glazy: alumina aad u yar "glaze-kaagu wuu qulquli karaa; mid aad u badanna waxa dhalaalay waxay ka dhigi kartaa matte". Alumina waxay inta badan ka timaadaa dhoobada iyo feldspar.

Boron (B₂O₃) xadka ayuu qarsadaa. Kiimikoyahannadu waxay ku tiriyaan dhise-dhalo, laakiin heerkulka istuudiyaha wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sida flux, dhoobo-sameeyayaashuna sidaas ayay ula dhaqmaan. Aad ayuu muhiim ugu yahay cone 5–6, gubidda sarena looma baahna. (Cone-yada, habka dhoobo-sameeyayaashu gubidda ugu magacaabaan, hoos ayaa lagu sharraxay.)

Hal hab oo maskaxda loogu hayo: silica waa dhalada, fluxes-ku waxay u oggolaadaan inay ku dhalaasho heerkul kiln-kaagu gaari karo, alumina-na way adkaysaa si ay ugu sii jirto meesha aad dhigtay.

Dhoobada, lakabyada iyo labada gubid

Jirka dhoobada

Jirka dhoobada (clay body) waa dhoobada dheriga laga sameeyo. Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo waaweyn.

Earthenware: jir gubid hoose ah, qiyaastii cone 06–02, oo sii ahaanaya mid dalool leh. Inta badan waa casaan ama buff, wuxuuna u baahan yahay glaze si uu biyo u qabto.
Stoneware: jir gubid dhexe ilaa sare ah, qiyaastii cone 5–10, oo noqda vitreous ama ku dhow.
Porcelain: jir cad oo gubid sare ah, kaolin badan, inta badanna iftiinka gudbiya.

Vitreous (dhalo-u-eg) macnaheedu waa dhalo oo kale oo aan dalool lahayn; vitrification waa jirka oo sidaas noqda marka la gubayo. Dhoobo-sameeyayaasha UK inta badan xadka waxay ku sameeyaan heerkul: stoneware waxaa lagu gubaa wixii ka kulul 1200 °C (2192 °F), earthenware-na wixii ka hooseeya. Gubidda dhexe, cone 5–6, waxay ku dhacdaa labada dhinac ee xadkaas wax yar.

Lakabyada iyo qallajinta

Slip waa dhoobo biyo ku dhex jirta, oo loo isticmaalo shubid, isku-xirid ama qurxin. Engobe waa lakab slip u eg, inta badan midab leh, oo ay ku jiraan walxo badan oo aan dhoobo ahayn. Underglaze waa slip midab leh ama qurxin oksaydh ah, oo inta badan lagu daboolo glaze hufan.

Alaabta aan la gubin waa greenware (ilaha way isku khilaafsan yihiin in erayga uu koobayo dhammaan alaabta aan la gubin ama kaliya tan qallalan). Marka ay qallasho waxay noqotaa leather-hard, adag laakiin wax yar qoyan, heerka la jarjaro oo gacmaha lagu dhejiyo; kadibna bone dry, oo aan biyo xor ah ku harin, aad u jilicsan oo diyaar u ah gubid.

Labada gubid

Gubidda koowaad ee hoose waa bisque (UK: biscuit), inta badan cone 08–04 (badiyaa 06–04), qiyaastii 942–1063 °C (1728–1945 °F). Waxay alaabta ka dhigtaa mid xoog leh laakiin dalool leh. Digitalfire, oo ah bog tixraac glaze, wuxuu soo jeediyaa guud ahaan in ka badan 15% dalool, si bisque-ku biyaha uga soo nuugo glaze-ka marka la marinayo. Bisque jilicsan (cone 08–06) daloolo badan ayuu leeyahay; bisque adag (inta badan cone 04) wuu xoog badan yahay laakiin glaze-ka si yar ayuu u qaataa.

Sida bisque-ku u beddelo glaze-marinta (Digitalfire)
Bisque	Waxa dhaca
Si yar loo gubay, aad wax u nuuga	Glaze-ku aad ayuu u qaro weynaadaa, kadibna wuu dillaacaa oo gurguurtaa
Si xad-dhaaf ah loo gubay, cufan	Quusinta iyo qallajintu waqti dheer ayay qaataan
Si kulul loo gubay, ama muddo dheer heerka sare lagu hayay	Gaas badan ayaa hadda gubta, sidaas darteed mid yar ayaa glaze-ka dhex qulquli doona goor dambe

Potclays, oo ah iibiye UK ah, wuxuu sharraxaa gubidda biscuit ilaa qiyaastii 1000 °C (1832 °F), qiyaastii cone 06. Markaan ilahan wada akhrinno, waxaan soo jeedinaynaa cone 06–04 bisque-ka koowaad: 998–1063 °C (1828–1945 °F) xawaaraha dhexe ee Orton.

Gubidda glaze-ka (glaze firing; dhoobo-sameeyayaasha Ingiriiska waxay dhihi karaan glost firing) waxay dhalaalisaa glaze-ka, stoneware-kana waxay sidoo kale bislaysaa dhoobada. Once-firing (hal gubid) waa glaze lagu mariyo alaab aan la gubin oo hal mar oo keliya la gubo. Digitalfire wuxuu ka warramaa xaalad wax-soo-saar oo alaab ceeriin lagu glaze-gareeyay ay geesaheeda ka gurguurtay ilaa gubid bisque ah ay ka daweysay, sidaas darteed ku bilow laba gubid. Gubidda kiln fudud waxay bixisaa jadwalada labadaba.

Cone-yada iyo heatwork

Dhoobo-sameeyayaashu gubidda waxay ugu magacdaraan cone: haram dhoobo ah oo khafiif ah oo qaloocda marka uu helo kulayl cayiman. Orton, oo sameeya, wuxuu u dhigaa sidan: "Cone-yadu ma cabbiraan heerkul oo keliya. Waxay cabbiraan heatwork, saamaynta isku-darka ah ee waqtiga iyo heerkulka."

Heatwork ayaa sababta ah: glaze-ka, dhoobada iyo cone-ku dhammaantood waxay ka jawaabaan inta ay kulul yihiin iyo sida ay u kulul yihiin labadaba. Gubid gaabis ah cone-ka waxay ku qalloocisaa heerkul hoose, mid degdeg ahna heerkul sare. Jaantuska Orton cone 6 wuxuu ku qalloocdaa 1185 °C (2165 °F) marka gubiddu ku dhammaato iyadoo kor u kacaysa 15 °C (27 °F) saacaddiiba, 1222 °C (2232 °F) marka ay tahay 60 °C (108 °F) saacaddiiba, iyo 1243 °C (2269 °F) marka ay tahay 150 °C (270 °F) saacaddiiba, xawaaraha oo laga qaado 100 °C (180 °F)-ka ugu dambeeya. Cone-ku wuu dhammaadaa marka caaradiisu qalloocato 90°, taas oo Orton ugu yeero booska saacadda 5.

Lambarrada cone-yadu waxay ka socdaan 022 ilaa 42. Eber hore wuxuu calaamadeeyaa taxanaha qabow, halkaas oo lambar weyn uu ka qabow yahay: cone 06 wuu ka qabow yahay cone 04, cone 01-na wuu ka qabow yahay cone 1.

Heerarka gubidda: cone-yada Orton ee is-taageera, 60 °C (108 °F) saacaddiiba
Heerka	Cone-yada	°F	°C	Loo isticmaalo
Gubid hoose	06–04	1,828–1,945	998–1,063	Glaze-yada earthenware; bisque
Gubid dhexe	5–6	2,167–2,232	1,186–1,222	Stoneware iyo porcelain
Gubid sare	9–10	2,300–2,345	1,260–1,285	Stoneware iyo porcelain

Gubiddaada ku magacow oo ku barnaamij cone, heerkulyadana u qaado kuwo qiyaas ah. Cone markhaati ah (witness cone) oo dul saaran khaanadda dheryaha dhexdooda, ama cone pack saddex ah (cone-yada hagaha, gubidda iyo ilaalinta), ayaa muujiya heatwork-ka dheryahaagu runtii heleen.

Heerkulyada la daabacay way kala duwan yihiin. Glazy wuxuu gubidda sare, cone 9–11, ku qiyaasaa 1280–1310 °C (2336–2390 °F), taas oo la mid ah tiirka degdegga ah ee Orton, Digitalfire-na wuxuu sheegaa in kiln-ka badankiisu gaaro cone 6 qiyaastii 1204 °C (2200 °F). Taladayadu: isticmaal tirooyinka xawaaraha dhexe ee Orton, sida hagahani sameeyo, ku barnaamij cone, cone markhaati ahina ha go'aamiyo.

Waqooyiga Ameerika dibaddiisa, iibiyayaashu inta badan waxay bixiyaan °C halkii cone. Hermann Seger ayaa sameeyay cone-ka casriga ah, oo markii ugu horraysay laga isticmaalay Berlin 1886, UK-na waxay lahayd cone-yadeeda Staffordshire; lambarradooda looma malayn karo inay la mid yihiin kuwa Orton, mana helin jadwal lagu beddelo. Gubidda kiln fudud ayaa cone-yada si faahfaahsan uga hadasha.

Laga bilaabo habka ilaa unity formula

Batch recipe (habka batch-ka) wuxuu taxaa walxaha ceeriin miisaan ahaan, inta badan la qiyaasay si saldhiggu u wadarnaado 100. Additives (walxaha lagu daro: midabeeyayaal, opacifiers iyo suspenders) waxay ku dul kordhaan 100-ka, inta badan boqolley ahaan saldhigga. Si ay u arkaan waxa glaze-ku yahay, dhoobo-sameeyayaashu habka waxay u beddelaan unity molecular formula (UMF, ama Seger formula, Hermann Seger dartiis, oo markii ugu horraysay isticmaalay qaabkeeda saddexda tiir).

Laga bilaabo habka ilaa unity formula: tusaalaha Glazy
Tallaabo	Waxa dhaca	Tusaalaha
1. Batch recipe	Walxo ceeriin miisaan ahaan, la qiyaasay ilaa 100	Feldspar 40%, iyo kuwo kale
2. Falanqaynta oksaydhka	Sida summadda nafaqada: oksaydhyada walax kasta waxaa la isku daraa boqolley miisaan ahaan, gaasaskana waa laga saaraa	Feldspar-ku waa 64.8% silica, sidaas darteed 40%-kiisu wuxuu keenaa 25.9% SiO₂. Glaze-ka la gubay waa 67.4% SiO₂, 12.6% Al₂O₃, 7.5% K₂O, 12.5% CaO
3. Moles	Miisaannadu waxay noqdaan moles, tirinta molecules-ka, maxaa yeelay "Garaamyadu way khaldi karaan maxaa yeelay oksaydhyada qaarkood way ka culus yihiin kuwa kale"	60.1 g oo SiO₂ ah waa hal mole, sidaas darteed 67.4 g waa qiyaastii 1.12 moles
4. Unity	Wax walba waxaa loo qaybiyaa wadarta fluxes-ka, si fluxes-ku u wadarnaadaan 1	Fluxes-ku waxay wadarnaadaan 0.303; qaybintu waxay bixisaa K₂O 0.26, CaO 0.74, Al₂O₃ 0.41, SiO₂ 3.70

Bogga habka ee Glazecalc wuxuu sameeyaa afartaas tallaabo inta aad qorayso, natiijadana wuxuu ku muujiyaa saddex tiir: fluxes (R₂O iyo RO) oo wadarnaada 1; dejiyeyaal (R₂O₃: alumina, iyadoo boron inta badan halkan la dhigo); iyo dhise-dhalo (RO₂: silica). "Unification waa qalab qiyaaseed oo keliya," ayuu Glazy yiri: laba hab oo laga sameeyay walxo kala duwan laakiin leh unity formula isku mid ah "waxay u dhaqmaan ku dhawaad si isku mid ah marka la gubo". Sidaas darteed 1-ku waa cabbir la wadaago, ma aha qadar aad miisaamayso. Digitalfire wuxuu ku daraa in habku "uusan si fiican ugu shaqayn heerkulka hoose", halkaas oo boron uusan ahayn flux caadi ah, iyo in unity formulas ay yihiin "isbarbardhig, sida ugu fiicanna loo eego iyadoo xaaladda la tixgelinayo". Isbarbardhig wuxuu isbarbar dhigaa formulas-ka laba hab, oksaydh oksaydh.

Saamiga silica iyo alumina

Tirada keliya ee ugu faa'iidada badan waa saamiga silica iyo alumina (silica to alumina ratio): silica oo loo qaybiyay alumina. Tusaalaha, 3.70 ÷ 0.41 waa qiyaastii 9.

Waxa saamiga silica iyo alumina tilmaamo (Glazy)
Saamiga	Akhriska Glazy
Qiyaastii 9	Wuxuu tilmaamaa dhalaal ifaya, haddii kulayl ku filan jiro
5–7	Caadi u ah glaze-yo badan oo stoneware ah oo deggan
3–5	Waxay noqon kartaa matte ama si yar loo gubay

Saami 5–7 ah keligiis ma saadaaliyo ifid ama matte: fluxes-ka, boron-ka iyo cone-ku dhammaantood xadka ayay dhaqaajiyaan. Glazy wuxuu glaze-yada deggan u bixiyaa isku-dheelitirka flux ee caadiga ah 0.2 R₂O iyo 0.8 RO, ilaa 0.3 R₂O iyo 0.7 RO. Alkali badan waxa dhalaalay wuxuu ka dhigaa mid aad u qulqula wuxuuna kordhiyaa ballaarintiisa, sidaas darteedna khatarta crazing-ka.

Loss on ignition

Loss on ignition (LOI) waa miisaanka walax ku lumiso kiln-ka marka biyo, kaarboon laba-oksaydh, walxo noole ah ama sulfur ay gaas ahaan uga baxaan. Glaze la gubay midna kuma jiro, sidaas darteed unity formula-du way ka saartaa.

LOI-ga caadiga ah (Digitalfire)
Walaxda	LOI-ga caadiga ah
Whiting (kaalshiyam kaarboonayt), dolomite	In ka badan 40%, inta badan kaarboon laba-oksaydh: 100 g oo kaalshiyam kaarboonayt ah waxay sii daysaa qiyaastii 45 g
Lithium carbonate	Qiyaastii 60%
Barium carbonate, Gerstley Borate	In ka badan 20%
Kaolin	Qiyaastii 12%, inta badan biyo ku xiran crystals-keeda
Feldspars	Ka yar 1%

Gaaska baxa kadib marka glaze-ku bilaabo dhalaalka waa inuu dhex maraa, isagoo keenaya, sida Digitalfire u dhigo, "xumbo, finan, daloolo yaryar, gurguurasho". Talc wuxuu sii daayaa gaas ilaa qiyaastii 899 °C (1650 °F). Frits, walxo calcined ah (horay loo kululeeyay si gaasaskooda looga saaro) iyo isbeddelada gubidda dhammaantood way caawiyaan.

Buugaagta hore xisaabtan gacanta ayay ku sameeyaan, iyagoo isticmaalaya molecular weight (miisaanka hal mole oo walax ama oksaydh ah) iyo equivalent weight (miisaanka walax bixisa hal mole oo oksaydh ah). Sida xisaabtayadu sheegto, qiyaastii 100 g oo whiting ah waxay bixisaa hal mole, 56 g, oo kaalshiyam oksaydh ah. Calculator ayaa labadaba qabta.

Frits iyo walxaha ceeriin

Frits

Frit waa dhalo warshad lagu sameeyay: macdano la dhalaaliyay, biyo lagu qaboojiyay oo la shiiday. Fritting-ku wuxuu walxaha milma sida borax ka dhigaa kuwo aan milmin, wuxuu oksaydhyada sunta ah sida rasaas (lead, Pb) iyo barium ku xiraa dhalo deggan, wuxuu bixiyaa walax ka joogto badan macdanaha ceeriin, gaasaskana wuu ka saaraa, sidaas darteed glaze-yada frit-ka leh waa "kuwo aad uga xor ah cilladaha" (Digitalfire). Frits sidoo kale goor hore ayay dhalaalaan: frit soda ah wuxuu shaqeeyaa cone 06, halka feldspar "uu cone 6 kaliya bilaabayo inuu jilco". Way qaali yihiin, waxay u baahan yihiin dhoobo si ay u sii sabbeeyaan (tusaalaha Digitalfire waa 85% frit iyo 15% dhoobo), waana "kuwo aragti ahaan aan milmin, laakiin dhab ahaan sidaas ma aha".

Frits-ka Waqooyiga Ameerika waxaa lagu magacaabaa sameeyaha iyo lambar: Ferro Frit 3134 (Ferro hadda waa Vibrantz) wuxuu ku jiraa qiyaastii 22% hababka dadweynaha ee Glazy. Hababka UK inta badan waxay magacaabaan frits guud, sida standard borax frit.

Walxaha ceeriin ee caadiga ah

Walxaha glaze ee caadiga ah iyo waxay bixiyaan
Walaxda (magacyo kale)	Waxay bixisaa	Xusuus
Silica (flint, quartz)	SiO₂	Glaze-yada ku isticmaal 325 mesh, shiid aad u fiican
Kaolin (UK: china clay; Australia: Eckalite)	Al₂O₃, SiO₂	Isha ugu weyn ee alumina; sidoo kale glaze-ka way sabbeysaa
Ball clay	Al₂O₃, SiO₂	Ka jilicsan kaolin, bir iyo walxo noole ah oo badan
Potash feldspar, soda feldspar, nepheline syenite	K₂O, Na₂O, Al₂O₃, SiO₂	Fluxes leh alumina iyo silica u gaar ah. Nepheline syenite waa flux xoog leh oo gubid hoose iyo dhexe ah. "Feldspar" bannaan oo hab hore ku jira wuxuu noqon karaa midkood
Whiting (kaalshiyam kaarboonayt)	CaO	Flux-ka kaalshiyamka ee ugu weyn; wuxuu sii daayaa kaarboon laba-oksaydh
Wollastonite	CaO, SiO₂	Kaalshiyam aan kaarboon laba-oksaydh lahayn
Dolomite, talc	MgO, oo leh CaO ama SiO₂	Dusha matte xariir u eg; ballaarin hoose
Zinc oxide	ZnO	Ifid iyo crystals; mid aad u badan wuxuu keeni karaa gurguurasho
Boron frits, Gerstley Borate, colemanite	B₂O₃	Lagama maarmaan laga bilaabo cone 06 ilaa cone 6; frits waa "kuwo ka joogto badan oo ka milmid yar borates-ka ceeriin"
Lithium carbonate	Li₂O	Flux ballaarin hoose leh; waa qaali, sidaas darteed si yar ayaa loo isticmaalaa
Strontium carbonate	SrO	Beddelka barium-ka ee sunta ka yar
Barium carbonate	BaO	Waa sun marka uu ceeriin yahay; glaze-yada barium-ku ku badan yahay biraha ayay sii dayn karaan (leaching)
Bentonite	Sabbayn	Dhoobo aad u fiican, inta badan 1–3%, si ay u joojiso degitaanka

Walxaha glaze-ku waa budo aad u fiican. Boodhka silica wuxuu waxyeeleeyaa sambabada iyadoo aan calaamado lahayn marka hore, walxaha qaarkood, sida barium carbonate iyo lithium carbonate, waa sun haddii la liqo. Budada si tartiib ah u qabo, ku nadiifi qoyaan, xiro respirator (maaskarada neefsashada) kugu habboon marka aad wax qallalan ka shaqaynayso. Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta iyo Ha sumayn qoyskaaga ayaa sharraxa sida.

Magacyada gobollada

Kaolin waa china clay UK; iibiyayaasha Australia waxay u iibiyaan Eckalite.
Flint waa magac hore oo UK ah oo silica loo yaqaan. Iibiyayaasha UK weli waxay calcined flint u iibiyaan alaab gooni ah, sidaas darteed "flint" hab Ingiriis ah waxay u badan tahay calcined flint, mid Maraykan ahna quartz la shiiday. Labadaba waxaa loo iibiyaa ilo silica; hubi falanqaynta.
China stone iyo Cornish stone (Cornwall stone) waa walax isku mid ah, oo la xiriirta feldspar.
Whiting waa kaalshiyam kaarboonayt; iibiyayaasha Jarmalku waxay ugu yeeraan Kreide (chalk).

Walax ku qiimee oksaydhyada ay bixiso, ha ku qiimayn magaceeda. Glazecalc sidaas ayuu u shaqeeyaa: falanqaynta iibiyahaaga waxaad gelin kartaa bogga walxaha, Try modern materials and compare, Suggest amounts and compare iyo Match with what I have dhammaantood waxay isku beegaan oksaydhyada la gubay, ma aha magacyada.

Walxuhu sidoo kale way isbeddelaan. Custer feldspar wuxuu dhammaaday 2023. Macdanta asalka ah ee Gerstley Borate waxay xirantay qiyaastii 1999–2000; Laguna weli wuxuu iibiyaa alaab magacaas leh, Gillespie Borate-na waa beddelka ugu weyn. Ilaha way isku khilaafsan yihiin in Gillespie uu Gerstley Borate u beddelo rodol rodol (sameeyahiisa iyo Potclays waxay yiraahdaan haa, Digitalfire iyo kuwo kale maya), sidaas darteed labada isbarbar dhig Glazecalc, kadibna tijaabi batch yar.

Midabeeyayaasha iyo opacifiers

Midabeeye (colorant) waa bir oksaydh ama kaarboonayt ah oo glaze-ka midab siisa; stain waa midabeeye warshad lagu sameeyay, ka deggan oo ka joogto badan oksaydhyada ceeriin. Midabeeyayaashu inta badan waa ka yar 5% saldhigga, qaar badanna ka yar 1%, kaarboonaytna waa qiyaastii nuskii xoogga oksaydhka u dhigma.

Midabeeyayaasha caadiga ah, boqolley ahaan saldhigga
Midabeeye	Qadarka bilowga caadiga ah	Midabada iyo xusuus
Cobalt	0.1–2% (ilaha way isku khilaafsan yihiin)	Buluug, aad u xoog badan; xagga guduudka marka saldhiggu leeyahay magnesium
Iron	0.5–10%	Bunni, tan iyo casaan oxidation-ka; reduction-ka, ½–2% wuxuu bixiyaa celadon, 5–6%-na tenmoku. Waa flux, sidaas darteed mid badan glaze-ka wuu qulquliyaa
Copper	1–3%	Cagaar ama turquoise oxidation-ka, casaan reduction-ka. Wuxuu glaze-ka ka dhigi karaa mid biraha sii daaya (leaching)
Chrome	Ka yar 0.5% ilaa 2% (ilaha way isku khilaafsan yihiin)	Cagaar; bunni haddii saldhiggu leeyahay zinc, casaan khafiif ah (pink) haddii tin la socdo
Manganese	2–10%	Bunni iyo guduud
Rutile	Qiyaastii 2–5%	Midab barbaro leh oo kala duwan; qallafsan ama matte wixii ka badan qiyaastii 5%
Stains ganacsi	2–12%	2–4% midab khafiif ah, 5–8% midab dhexe, 10–12% midab xoog leh

Qadarka cobalt iyo chrome runtii waa lagu muransan yahay. Glazy wuxuu yiri 0.1% cobalt ah ayaa ku filan buluug; Glendale Community College wuxuu bixiyaa ½–2% ama ½–3% iyadoo ku xiran jawiga; Birdie Boone, Pottery Making Illustrated, wuxuu yiri 3% ama ka yar. Chrome-ka, Boone wuxuu yiri ka yar 0.5%, Glendale-na 2–3%. Jidka ammaanka ahi waa inaad ku bilowdo wax yar oo aad samayso line blend: saf test tiles ah oo hal walax ka tallaabsada wax yar ilaa wax badan.

Glaze-ka saldhigga ah ayaa midabka beddela. Saldhig ifaya oo daah-furan wuxuu bixiyaa midabka ugu iftiinka badan; saldhigyada satin iyo matte, oo inta badan alumina ku badan tahay, way demiyaan. Magnesium-ku cobalt-ka wuxuu u riixaa xagga guduudka, zinc-ku chrome-ka wuxuu u beddelaa bunni, chrome iyo tin-na waxay bixiyaan pink.

Opacifiers

Opacifier (walax iftiinka joojisa) glaze-ka wuxuu ka dhigaa mid aan la dhex arkin (opaque), isagoo qariya dhoobada; glaze daah-furan (transparent) wuu u oggolaadaa inay muuqato.

Opacifiers
Opacifier	Qadarka caadiga ah	Xusuus
Zircon (Zircopax, Superpax, Ultrox, Zircosil)	8–12% si buuxda loo qariyo	Doorashada ka jaban; summadahaasi waa walax isku mid ah oo loo shiiday cabbirro kala duwan
Tin oxide	Qiyaastii 5–7% (qiyaastayada)	Qaali; si xun ayuu u qariyaa reduction-ka
Titanium dioxide	Ka badan 2%	Qarin xariir u eg oo iftiin yar gudbisa; 10% ama ka badan, dusha matte ah oo qallafsan oo crystals muuqda leh

Ku habboonaanta glaze-ka iyo cilladaha

Dhoobada iyo glaze-ku labaduba way ballaartaan marka la kululeeyo wayna isku soo ururaan marka ay qaboobaan, mid kastaa qadarkiisa: ballaarinta kulaylka (thermal expansion). Glaze fit (ku habboonaanta glaze-ka) waa sida ay labadu isugu beegan yihiin. Ku habboonaan fiican waxay glaze-ka uga tagtaa mid dhoobadu wax yar cadaadiso; Digitalfire wuxuu yiri cadaadis yar alaabta wuu xoojiyaa, halka mid aad u badan uu daciifin karo oo xitaa dillaacin karo.

Crazing iyo shivering

Crazing (dillaac yaryar) waa shabakad dillaacyo khafiif ah. Ballaarinta glaze-ku way ka badan tahay tan jirka, sidaas darteed marka uu qaboobo wuu ka sii ururaa, wuu kala jiidmaa oo dillaacaa, inta badan sodium iyo potassium (Na₂O, K₂O) oo aad u badan dartood. Wuxuu sidoo kale soo bixi karaa goor dambe, isticmaalka, kadib qaboojin degdeg ah oo soo noqnoqota sida taabashada cabbitaan qabow. Marka la doonayo, sida raku, waxaa loo yaqaan crackle. Digitalfire wuxuu yiri "95% waqtiga xalku waa in la hagaajiyo ballaarinta kulaylka ee glaze-ka"; qaboojin gaabis ahi crazing-ka kaliya way dib u dhigtaa. Tijaabadiisa: alaabta kululee ilaa qiyaastii 149 °C (300 °F), ku quusi biyo baraf leh, dushana ku mari qalin felt ah si dillaacyadu u muuqdaan.

Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin hagaajinta koowaad. Glazy wuxuu soo jeediyaa in silica ama alumina lagu daro; Digitalfire wuxuu ku jawaabaa in silica dheeraad ahi "kaliya ay khafiifiso KNaO" (sodium iyo potassium); Linda Bloomfield waxay ku dartaa boron ama waxay yaraysaa feldspar, hal walax markiiba. Taladayadu: calculator-ka habka, sodium iyo potassium qaarkood ku beddel fluxes ballaarin hoose leh (boron, lithium, magnesium, kaalshiyam), isbeddelka ku hubi Isbarbardhig, kuna xaqiiji tijaabada biyaha barafka.

Shivering waa lid: ballaarinta glaze-ku aad ayay uga hooseysaa tan jirka, sidaas darteed si xad-dhaaf ah ayaa loo cadaadiyaa wuxuuna ka jajabaa geesaha iyo afafka. Digitalfire wuxuu ka digayaa in jajabyadu noqon karaan kuwo mindi u af badan oo la liqi karo, Glazy-na wuxuu shivering ku tilmaamaa "xitaa ka khatar badan crazing alaabta shaqaynaysa". Xalku waa glaze ballaarin sare leh ama jir ballaarin hoose leh.

Alaab crazing ama shivering leh ha u isticmaalin cunto ama cabbitaan. Ilaha way isku khilaafsan yihiin in dheryaha crazing leh si ku filan loo nadiifin karo (mid wuxuu yiri mashiinka weelka dhaqa ayaa ku filan; mid kalena wuxuu alaabta shaqaynaysa ee crazing leh ku tilmaamaa mid cillad leh), sidaas darteed waxaan qaadanaynaa dhinaca taxaddarka.

Ifid iyo matte

Dusha ifaya (gloss) waa mid iftiin celiya oo siman, satin wuxuu leeyahay ifid yar, matte (aan ifayn) waa mid aan ifid lahayn. Ifiddu waxay u baahan tahay dhalo si buuxda u dhalaashay. Matte wuxuu ka iman karaa alumina badan (saami silica iyo alumina oo hooseeya), fluxes sida kaalshiyam, magnesium, barium ama strontium oo samaysta crystals aad u yaryar marka glaze-ku qaboobo, ama gubid yar.

Cilladaha caadiga ah

Hal shay markiiba beddel, test tiles-kaagana hay.

Cilladaha glaze ee caadiga ah, sababahooda caadiga ah iyo hagaajinta koowaad
Cilladda	Waxay u egtahay	Sababaha caadiga ah	Hagaajinta koowaad
Crawling (gurguurasho)	Glaze-ku wuxuu isu ururaa kuul ahaan, isagoo ka tagaya dhoobo qaawan	Bisque boodh ama dufan leh; lakab qaro weyn oo dhoobo badan oo dillaacay markuu qallalayay; zinc, zircon ama tin	Nadiifi bisque-ka; mari lakab khafiif ah; calcine dhoobada qaarkeed; ku dar xiriiriye sida CMC gum
Pinholing (daloolo yaryar)	Daloolo ama godad yaryar	Gaas ka yimid jirka ama glaze-ka oo aan bogsan; glaze si yar loo gubay ama adag	Ku hay heerkulka sare qiyaastii nus saac; mari lakab khafiif ah; yaree zinc ama rutile
Blistering (finan)	Godad af badan	Inta badan gubid xad-dhaaf ah; lakabyo aad u qaro weyn; fluxes duula oo ka sarreeya qiyaastii 1200 °C (2192 °F)	Ku gub heerkul hoose; mari lakab khafiif ah. Geesaha af badan alaabta shaqaynaysa way ka dhigaan mid aan ammaan ahayn
Running (qulqul)	Glaze-ku wuxuu ku qulqulaa khaanadda	Alumina aad u yar; aad u qaro weyn, sida meesha shubiddu isku dul dhacaan; bir badan	Mari lakab khafiif ah; ku dar alumina; glaze-ka si fiican uga fogee lugta
Dunting	Dillaacyo dheriga ka yimid qaboojin ama kululayn	Qaboojin degdeg ah oo dhex marta quartz inversion, 573 °C (1063 °F); darbiyo aan sinnayn; ku habboonaan xun	Si gaabis ah u dhex mar 573 °C (1063 °F), kor iyo hoos; darbiyo siman

Ammaanka cuntada

Leaching (biraha ka soo baxa) waa bir ka milanta glaze la gubay oo gasha cunto ama cabbitaan, glaze-kuna wuxuu u ekaan karaa mid dhammaystiran oo weli sidaas samayn karaa. Tijaabooyinka sharciga ah waxay alaabta la gubay ku qooyaan dareere aashito ah waxayna cabbiraan rasaas (lead, Pb) iyo cadmium-ka ka soo baxa.

Aan rasaas lahayn ma aha ammaan u ah cuntada

Xeerarka US, EU, UK iyo Australia waxay xaddidaan rasaasta (Pb) iyo cadmium-ka ay alaabta la gubay sii dayso, ma aha waxa glaze-ku ka kooban yahay. "Aan rasaas lahayn" (lead-free) wuxuu ka saaraa hal khatar; ma aha qiimayn ammaanka cuntada. Oksaydhyo kale sidoo kale way soo baxaan: Glazy wuxuu ka digayaa in glaze-yada barium-ku ku badan yahay "ay sii dayn karaan macdan, guud ahaanna aysan ammaan u ahayn cuntada", Digitalfire wuxuu yiri copper "wuxuu glaze-ka ka dhigi karaa mid macdan sii daaya; tijaabi", Glazy-na mar dambe kuma talinayo glaze-yada rasaasta (Pb) leh alaabta shaqaynaysa.

Liner glaze waa glaze deggan, inta badan hufan ama cad, oo loogu talagalay dusha taabata cuntada. Aragtidayada, mid aan lahayn midabeeye, barium, rasaas (Pb) ama lithium, oo si buuxda u dhalaala, aan crazing samayn oo si fiican u adkaysta, ayaa ah doorashada khatarta yar. Khatar yar ma aha caddayn.

Limit formulas (Digitalfire wuxuu door biday target formulas) waxay bixiyaan xadka caadiga ah ee unity formula glaze-yada deggan ee cone gaar ah: target-yada cone 6 ee Digitalfire alumina waxay dhigaan 0.285–0.64, silica-na 2.4–4.7. Waxay kugu hagaan kiimiko sax ah laakiin waxba ma caddeeyaan; Digitalfire wuxuu ka fogaadaa erayga "limit" maxaa yeelay wuxuu tilmaamayaa in glaze-yada xadkaas ku jira "ay si uun ammaan u yihiin". Qalabka Glazecalc ee habka beddela wuxuu sheegaa marka habka cusub uu dhaafo xad la soo jeediyay, sida boron badan cone 6, iyo waxa glaze-ku u badan tahay inuu sameeyo.

Xadadka sharciga ahi way ku kala duwan yihiin dal ahaan. Jadwalku wuxuu muujiyaa kuwa meesha aad ku nooshahay, cabbirka sharciga u gaarka ah; dooro dal ama gobol kale si aad isbarbar dhigto.

Xeerarka

Dooro dalkaaga ama gobolkaaga si aad u aragto xeerarkiisa.

US-da, alaabta dhoobada ee qurxinta ah ee u eg mid cuntada loo isticmaali karo waxaa loola dhaqmaa sida alaab cunto haddii aysan lahayn summad lagu dhejiyo iyo ogeysiis joogto ah oo salkeeda lagu shubay ama lagu gubay, sida "Not for Food Use. May Poison Food", ama aysan lahayn dalool dhex mara dusha cuntada. EU-du waxay xadadka rasaasta (Pb) iyo cadmium-ka ku dejisaa Directive 84/500/EEC, UK-na tirooyinkaas isku mid ah ayay ku haysaa sharcigeeda. Laga bilaabo 29 May 2026, Netherlands, Belgium iyo Luxembourg waxay oggolaanayaan qiyaastii 130 ilaa 150 jeer rasaas ka yar, iyo qiyaastii 15 jeer cadmium ka yar. Australia waxay xad u dejisaa alaabta la soo dejiyo; ma helin xad rasmi ah oo alaabta lagu sameeyo Australia ama New Zealand.

Tijaabinta

FDA-du waxay tiri qalabka tijaabada guriga ee la masaxo wuxuu muujin karaa rasaas (Pb) soo bixi karta, laakiin Ceramics New Zealand waxay ka digaysaa in qalimaanta tijaabadu aan loogu talagalin dhoobada oo ay bixiyaan natiijooyin been ah oo togan. Natiijo togan u qaado sabab aad u joojiso isticmaalka alaabta, mid tabanna mid aan waxba caddayn. Tijaabada biraha ka soo baxa (leach test) ee shaybaarka ee alaabta la gubay (ASTM C738 US-da; EN 1388 ama ISO 6486 Yurub) ayaa ah jawaabta dhabta ah.

"Ammaan u ah cuntada" macnaheedu waa glaze-kan, dhoobadan, oo lagu gubay cone-kan kiln-kan, oo sidan loo mariyay, wuxuu sii daayaa wax ka yar xadadka sharciga. Glazecalc wuxuu kaa caawin karaa inaad dhisto glaze deggan, Replace lead-na wuxuu dib u dhisi karaa hab hore oo rasaas (Pb) leh iyadoo aan rasaas lahayn, laakiin calculator-na ma shahaadayn karo dheri. Kaliya tijaabada alaabta la gubay ayaa awooda.

Culayska gaarka ah iyo marinta

Culayska gaarka ah

Budada glaze-ka oo biyo lagu qasay waa slurry. Culayskeeda gaarka ah (specific gravity, SG) waa miisaankeeda marka la barbar dhigo mug isku mid ah oo biyo ah, kuwaas oo SG-goodu yahay 1.0: inta uu sarreeyo, ayaa budo badan ku jirtaa baaldiga. Buugaagta hore ee UK waxay dhihi jireen pint weight. Glazy wuxuu 1.4–1.5 ku tilmaamaa "bar bilow fiican oo glaze-yada badankooda". Si aad u cabbirto, miisaan si sax ah 100 mL oo slurry ah (Glazy wuxuu soo jeediyaa irbad) oo u qaybi 100: 145 g macnaheedu waa SG 1.45. Hydrometers-ku laguma kalsoonaan karo glaze-yada jelly-ga noqday, biyuhuna way uumi baxaan, sidaas darteed mar kale hubi ka hor intaadan glaze marin.

Bartilmaameedyadu way ku kala duwan yihiin ilaha. Digitalfire wuxuu glaze-yada quusinta dhigaa 1.40–1.50, glaze-yada burushka ee ganacsiga 1.25–1.55, halka Potclays uu bixiyo 1.71–1.81 burushka iyo 1.71 buufinta. Taladayadu: ku quusi qiyaastii 1.45 iyadoo glaze-ku wax yar jelly yahay, glaze-ka burushka raac summadda, qorna waxa shaqeeya.

Flocculant (Epsom salts, khal ama calcium chloride) slurry-ga wax yar ayuu jelly ka dhigaa, isagoo ka dhigaya thixotropic: wuu qulqulaa marka la walaaqo wuuna dego marka uu deggan yahay, "dabool glaze oo siman oo aan dhibic lahayn" dartiis. Deflocculant (sodium silicate ama Darvan) wuu khafiifiyaa. Sida loo sameeyo glaze ayaa ka hadasha qasidda iyo hagaajinta.

Marinta glaze-ka

Marka hore boodhka iyo dufanka ka nadiifi bisque-ka isbuunyo wax yar qoyan, halkii aad dhaqi lahayd, taas oo qoysa. Boodhka ha ku afuufin hawo la cadaadiyay hana ku xaaqin burush qallalan: taasi waxay boodhka silica gelisaa hawada (Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta).

Quusinta (dipping) "guud ahaan waxay bixisaa lakab qaro siman" (Robin Hopper). Waqtiga quusintu wuxuu go'aamiyaa qarada: Digitalfire wuxuu xusaa in glaze-yada quusinta ee ganacsiga loo sameeyo qiyaastii 1.4 quusin 5 ilbiriqsi ah iyo 1.5 quusin 1 ilbiriqsi ah.
Glaze-ka shubidda (pouring) waa inuu ahaado "wax yar ka khafiif marka quusinta loo isticmaalo"; meesha shubiddu isku dul dhacaan, lakabku wuu labanlaabmaa wuuna qulquli karaa.
Glaze-yada burushka (brushing) waxaa ku jira xabag sida CMC gum, oo glaze-ka ka caawisa inuu qulqulo oo dhego, kadibna gubta. Badankood waxay u baahan yihiin dhowr lakab, inta badan laba ama saddex; raac summadda.
Buufintu (spraying) waxay isticmaashaa glaze aad u khafiif ah, oo loo mariyo "dhowr lakab oo khafiif ah, iyadoo qarada si tartiib ah loo dhisayo".

Ku buufi kaliya qol buufin oo hawo-wareejin leh, adigoo xiran respirator si sax ah kuugu habboon. Eeg Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta.

Lakab aad u qaro weyn wuu gurguuran karaa, finan samayn karaa ama qulquli karaa. Xeerarka fudud ee iibiyayaashu waxay u dhexeeyaan qarada kaarka deynta iyo tan dime-ka US, qiyaastayada qiyaastii 1 mm oo glaze qallalan ah; test tiles qarooyin kala duwan leh ayaa ah hubinta lagu kalsoonaan karo. Wax resist (shamac) lugta ku yaal glaze-ka wuu celiyaa, si dheriga uusan ugu dhegin khaanadda, kiln wash-na, lakab kulayl u adkaysta oo inta badan ka samaysan kaolin iyo silica, khaanadaha wuxuu ka ilaaliyaa dhibcaha.

Oxidation iyo reduction

Gaasaska kiln-ka ku jira, jawigiisa (atmosphere), ayaa beddela sida glaze-yadu u soo baxaan. Oxidation macnaheedu waa oksijiin badan. "Kiln-yada korontadu waxay la macne yihiin gubidda oxidation," ayuu Digitalfire yiri, glaze-yada oxidation-kuna caadi ahaan way ka iftiin badan yihiin kuwa reduction, gaar ahaan heerkulka hoose. Oxidation-ka, copper wuxuu bixiyaa cagaar iyo turquoise, bir-na bunni, tan iyo casaan. Kiln koronto oo si xun hawo looga saaro oo ay ka buuxaan alaab gaas sii daysa wuxuu noqon karaa mid ka dhexdhexaad badan sidii loogu talagalay; hawo-saare si toos ah kiln-ka loogu xiray ayaa caawiya.

Reduction si ula kac ah ayay oksijiinta u xaddidaa, inta badan kiln gaas, qoryo ama mid gaar ah. Copper wuxuu noqdaa casaan, bir-na waxay noqotaa flux xoog badan waxayna bixisaa celadon (buluug-cagaar ilaa cawl-cagaar, qiyaastii ½–2% bir) iyo tenmoku (temmoku: bunni-madow, qiyaastii 5–6% bir). Glazy wuxuu yiri celadons iyo copper reds "waxay ku tiirsan yihiin reduction". Dhoobaduna way isbeddeshaa: isbarbardhig Digitalfire ah, jir stoneware ah ayaa reduction-ka ku noqday cawl, oxidation-kana jaalle u eg. Silicon carbide glaze ku jira wuxuu samayn karaa meelo yaryar oo reduction ah xitaa kiln koronto. Reduction-ka laga bilaabo cone 010 ilaa cone 3, Orton wuxuu ku talinayaa cone-yadiisa aan birta lahayn.

Filo in hab loo qoray kiln gaas reduction ah uu si kale uga soo baxo kiln koronto: celadon ama copper red oo ku tiirsan reduction isku mid uma ekaan doono oxidation-ka. Hubi jawiga habka loo sameeyay, qorna kaaga, cone-ka la socda, xusuusta habka ee Glazecalc.

Kiln kastaa, kuwa korontada ah ku jiraan, qiiq ayuu sii daayaa, sidaas darteed hawo ka saar. Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta ayaa sharraxa sida.

Qaamuus

Walax lagu daro (additive): Midabeeye, opacifier ama suspender oo lagu dul daro 100-ka habka.
Alumina (Al₂O₃): Dejiyaha ugu weyn: wuxuu joojiyaa qulqulka wuxuuna ku daraa adayg. Waxay ka timaadaa dhoobooyinka iyo feldspars.
Ball clay: Dhoobo jilicsan oo bir iyo walxo noole ah ka badan kaolin.
Batch recipe: Walxaha ceeriin ee glaze miisaan ahaan, inta badan wadarnaada 100.
Bentonite: Dhoobo aad u fiican oo lagu daro 1–3% si glaze-ku uusan u degin.
Bisque (UK: biscuit): Gubidda koowaad ee hoose, inta badan cone 08–04 (badiyaa 06–04), oo alaabta ka dhigta mid xoog leh laakiin dalool leh.
Boron (B₂O₃): Rasmi ahaan dhise-dhalo laakiin loo isticmaalo flux; lagama maarmaan laga bilaabo cone 06 ilaa cone 6.
CMC gum: Xabag cellulose ah oo glaze-ka ka caawisa in burush lagu mariyo oo dhego; way gubtaa.
Midabeeye iyo stain (colorant and stain): Bir oksaydh ama kaarboonayt ah oo glaze midab siisa; stain waa midabeeye warshad lagu sameeyay oo ka deggan.
Cone: Haram dhoobo ah oo la qiyaasay oo ku qalloocda heatwork cayiman. Cone markhaati ah ayaa muujiya waxa dheryuhu heleen.
Crawling (gurguurasho): Glaze isu ururaya kuul ahaan gubidda, isagoo ka tagaya dhoobo qaawan.
Crazing (dillaac yaryar): Dillaacyo khafiif ah oo glaze ka isku soo ururaya jirkiisa wax ka badan; crackle marka la doonayo.
Devitrification: Crystals ka baxaya dhalada horraanta qaboojinta, meel aan la doonayn.
Dunting: Dillaacyo dheri ka yimid cadaadis qaboojin ama kululayn, inta badan quartz inversion, 573 °C (1063 °F).
Earthenware: Jir gubid hoose ah (qiyaastii cone 06–02) oo sii ahaanaya mid dalool leh.
Feldspar: Macdan bixisa flux alkali ah oo leh alumina iyo silica: potash, soda ama nepheline syenite.
Flocculant iyo deflocculant: Walxo lagu daro oo slurry jelly ka dhiga (Epsom salts, khal) ama khafiifiya (sodium silicate, Darvan).
Flux: Oksaydh hoos u dhiga heerkulka dhalaalka silica.
Ammaan u ah cuntada (food safe): Sharci ahaan, sii daynta rasaas (Pb) iyo cadmium ka yar xadadka tijaabada aashitada. Lama mid aha aan rasaas lahayn.
Frit: Dhalo warshad lagu sameeyay, la dhalaaliyay, la qaboojiyay oo la shiiday, oo oksaydhyada milma ama sunta ah ka dhigta kuwo aan milmin.
Dhise-dhalo (glass former): Oksaydhka dhisa dhalada, inta badan silica.
Glaze: Lakab dhalo ah oo gubidda ku dhalaala si uu dheriga u xiro oo u qurxiyo.
Gubidda glaze-ka (glaze firing; UK: glost firing): Gubidda dhalaalisa glaze-ka.
Glaze fit (ku habboonaanta glaze-ka): Sida ballaarinta glaze-ka iyo jirku isugu beegan yihiin; ku habboonaan fiican waxay glaze-ka uga tagtaa mid wax yar la cadaadiyay.
Ifaya, satin iyo matte (gloss, satin and matte): Iftiin celiya oo siman; ifid yar; aan ifid lahayn.
Greenware: Alaab aan la gubin: leather-hard marka ay adag tahay laakiin qoyan tahay, bone dry marka aan biyo xor ah ku harin.
Heatwork: Saamaynta isku-darka ah ee heerkulka iyo waqtiga kiln-ka; waxa cone-yadu cabbiraan.
Kaolin (UK: china clay): Dhoobo cad oo saafi ah oo bixisa alumina iyo silica; glaze-ka way sabbeysaa. Australia: Eckalite.
Kiln wash: Lakab kulayl u adkaysta oo rafaha kiln-ka ka ilaaliya dhibcaha.
Leaching (biraha ka soo baxa): Macdano ka milma glaze la gubay oo gala cunto ama cabbitaan.
Limit formula (target formula): Xadka caadiga ah ee unity formula glaze-yada deggan ee cone gaar ah; hage, ma aha dammaanad.
Line blend: Tijaabooyin hal walax ka tallaabsada laba qadar dhexdooda. Triaxial blend wuxuu beddelaa saddex shabakad dul.
Liner glaze: Glaze deggan, inta badan hufan ama cad, oo loogu talagalay dusha taabata cuntada.
LOI (loss on ignition): Miisaan gubidda ku lumay sida biyo, kaarboon laba-oksaydh, walxo noole ah ama sulfur.
Once-firing (single firing; hal gubid): Glaze marinta alaab aan la gubin iyo gubideeda hal mar oo keliya.
Opacifier: Walax, sida zircon, tin oxide ama titanium dioxide, oo glaze-ka ka dhigta mid aan la dhex arkin (opaque).
Oxidation iyo reduction: Gubid oksijiin badan leh (kiln-yada korontada), ama oksijiinta la xaddiday (inta badan gaas ama qoryo).
Oksaydh (oxide): Isku-dhis curiye iyo oksijiin ah; falanqaynta oksaydhku waxay u taxdaa boqolley miisaan ahaan.
Pinholing iyo blistering: Daloolo yaryar, ama godad af badan, meesha gaasku uga baxay waxa dhalaalay.
Porcelain: Jir cad, kaolin badan, gubid sare ah, inta badan iftiinka gudbiya.
R₂O iyo RO: Fluxes-ka alkali (Na₂O, K₂O, Li₂O) iyo fluxes-ka alkaline-earth (CaO, MgO, BaO, SrO, iyo ZnO).
Shivering: Glaze ka jajabaya geesaha maxaa yeelay si xad-dhaaf ah ayaa loo cadaadiyay; khatar alaabta shaqaynaysa.
Silica (SiO₂): Dhise-dhalada; sidoo kale loo yaqaan flint ama quartz.
Saamiga silica iyo alumina (silica to alumina ratio): Silica oo loo qaybiyay alumina unity formula-da: mid sare wuxuu u janjeeraa ifid, mid hoosena matte.
Slip iyo engobe: Dhoobo biyo ku jirta; engobe waa lakab slip u eg oo walxo badan oo aan dhoobo ahayn leh.
Culayska gaarka ah (specific gravity, SG): Miisaanka slurry marka la barbar dhigo mug isku mid ah oo biyo ah. UK hore: pint weight.
Dejiye (stabilizer): Oksaydh, inta badan alumina, oo adkaysa waxa dhalaalay oo ku darta adkaysi.
Stoneware: Jir gubid dhexe ilaa sare ah (qiyaastii cone 5–10) oo noqda vitreous ama ku dhow.
Thixotropy: Qulqulid marka la walaaqo, iyo ku degid jelly jilicsan marka uu deggan yahay.
Underglaze: Slip midab leh ama qurxin oksaydh ah, inta badan glaze hufan hoostiisa.
Unity molecular formula (UMF, Seger formula): Oksaydhyada glaze tirinta molecules ahaan, la qiyaasay si fluxes-ku u wadarnaadaan 1.
Vitrification: Jir noqonaya dhalo u eg oo aan dalool lahayn gubidda.
Wax resist: Shamac lagu mariyo meesha aan glaze-ka la doonayn, inta badan lugta.
Whiting: Kaalshiyam kaarboonayt, flux-ka kaalshiyamka ee ugu weyn; wuxuu gubidda ku lumiyaa in ka badan 40% miisaankiisa. Jarmal: Kreide.

Ilaha

Hagayaal kale

Sida loo sameeyo glaze: Iibsashada, kaydinta, miisaamidda, isku-qasidda iyo shaandheynta glaze, kadibna tijaabintiisa iyo qorista diiwaanno.
Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta: Boodh, respirator-yo, nadiifin, walxaha u baahan daryeelka ugu badan, iyo hawo-ka-saarka kiln-ka.
Ha sumayn qoyskaaga: Dhoobo-samayn guriga oo ay joogaan carruur iyo xayawaan guri: kaydin, boodh, kiln-ka, iyo waxa la sameeyo haddii wax la liqo.
Gubidda kiln fudud: Cone-yo, kiln sitter-yo iyo furayaasha gacanta, oo leh jadwallo gubidda bisque iyo glaze.
Ku baro koorsada glaze ee bilaashka ah ee John Britt: Koorsadiisa muuqaalka ah ee bilaashka ah ee YouTube, cutub cutub, oo leh hagayaashayada la akhriyo iyo layliyo lagu tijaabiyo Glazecalc. Ingiriisi ku qoran.