Gubidda kiln fudud

Cone-yada: waxa ay cabbiraan

Marka hore raac buugga tilmaamaha kiln-kaaga. Hagahan wuxuu isku soo ururiyaa waxa ay sameeyayaasha cone-yada iyo kiln-yada ka daabacaan kiln-yada koronto ee fudud; ma beddelo tilmaamaha moodelkaaga, meeshii ay labadu ku kala duwan yihiinna buugga tilmaamaha ayaa la raacayaa.

Cone-ka pyrometric (pyrometric cone) waa ahraam yar oo dhuuban oo laga sameeyay budo dhoobo ah oo heer go'an leh. Markii uu kulayl ku filan helo, wuu jilcaa oo u foorarsadaa si mar walba isku mid ah. Cone-yada waxaad kiln-ka (foornada dhoobada lagu dubo) dhigtaa alaabta agteeda, kadibna akhri inta ay foorarsadeen.

Cone-yadu waxay cabbiraan shaqada kulaylka (heatwork), saamaynta isku darka ah ee heerkulka iyo waqtiga. Erayada Orton, sameeyaha cone-yada ugu weyn ee Maraykanka: "Cone-yadu ma cabbiraan heerkulka oo keliya." Cone si tartiib ah loo kululeeyay wuxuu ku foorarsadaa heerkul ka hooseeya kan si dhakhso ah loo kululeeyay, glaze-kuna (glaze) sidaas oo kale ayuu yeelaa. Sidaas darteed Orton wuxuu cone kasta heerkulkiisa ku bixiyaa xawaare kululayn oo la sheegay, 100 °C (180 °F) ee ugu dambeeya gubidda. Marka cone uu bilaabo dhaqaaqa, wuxuu ku foorarsadaa xad cidhiidhi ah, "badanaa wax ka yar 40° F" (22 °C).

Lambarrada cone-yada

Lambarrada cone-yadu waxay ka bilaabmaan 022, kan ugu qabow, ilaa 42. Eber hore ku jira wuxuu calaamadeeyaa taxanaha qabow, waxaana loo akhriyaa "oh": cone 06 ("oh-six") wuu ka qabow yahay cone 04, cone 01-na wuxuu u baahan yahay kulayl ka yar cone 1. Orton wuxuu ka digayaa in ay muhiim tahay in labada taxane aan la isku qaldin. Farqigu waa weyn yahay: cone 06 wuxuu ku foorarsadaa in ka badan 220 °C (400 °F) ka qabow cone 6.

Alaab-qeybiyeyaasha UK, Yurub, Australia iyo New Zealand badanaa waxay bixiyaan heerkul °C ah halkii cone: ka hel cone-ka ugu dhow jaantuska hoose, kuna xaqiiji cone markhaati ah. Cone-yada Seger iyo Staffordshire, taxanaha Yurub ee hore, looma malayn karo inay la wadaagaan lambarrada Orton, sidaas darteed hagahan wuxuu isticmaalaa cone-yada Orton.

Joogsigu wuxuu kordhiyaa shaqada kulaylka

Joogsi (hold, sidoo kale loo yaqaan soak) wuxuu kiln-ka ku hayaa hal heerkul muddo. Maadaama cone-yadu cabbiraan shaqada kulaylka, joogsi xagga sare ah wuxuu meel mari karaa heerkul ugu sarreeya oo ka kulul. Orton wuxuu bixiyaa qiyaasahan:

Orton wuxuu ku daraa in joogsi 1–2 saacadood ah "uu ku filnaan karo in uu qalloociyo cone-ka xiga ee ka kulul".

Sidaas darteed joogsi weligiis bilaash ma aha: haddii aad mid ku darto, filo in cone-yadu sii foorarsadaan, oo hoos u dhig heerkulka ugu sarreeya si ay isugu dheelitirmaan.

Noocyada cone-yada

Orton wuxuu sameeyaa afar nooc. Laba waxay ku taagan yihiin rafka si ay u muujiyaan waxa alaabtu heshay; labana waxay u yihiin kiln sitter-ka.

Dhererku muhiim buu yahay: farqi ¼ inji (6 mm) ah oo dhererka cone weyn "wuxuu keeni karaa farqi foorarsi oo ka badan nus cone". Cone-yadu ma xumaadaan, mana gaboobaan, kaydinta qoyanna saamayn kuma yeelato.

Waxa "cone 6" ula jeedo marka la dhaqan galiyo

Jaantusku wuxuu cone 6 is-taaga u bixiyaa 1222 °C (2232 °F), laakiin keliya marka 100 °C (180 °F) ee ugu dambeeya ay ku kacaan 60 °C/h (108 °F/h). Haddii uu ku kaco 150 °C/h (270 °F/h), isla cone-kaasi wuxuu ku foorarsadaa 1243 °C (2269 °F). Kiln-yada dhabta ahi mar kale way kala duwan yihiin: Digitalfire wuxuu sheegaa in "Kiln-yada intooda badan ay cone 6 gaadhaan 2200°F, ma aha 2232°F". Sidaas darteed "cone 6" waxay ka dhigan tahay in alaabtu heshay shaqada kulaylka ee foorarisa cone 6, wax kasta oo uu heerkul-cabbiruhu akhriyay waqtigaas.

Ku gub cone-ka, ma aha saacadda ama tilmaamaha. Controller-ka ku dheji lambarka cone-ka, cone markhaati ah oo rafka saaranna ha xaqiijiyo gubid kasta.

Jaantuska cone-yada

Tirooyinkan waxay ka yimaadeen jaantuska cone-yada Orton (©2001) ee cone-yada is-taaga; cone-yada 11 ilaa 14 waxay ka yimaadeen jaantusyada Orton uu hadda daabaco, kuwaas oo bixiya tirooyin isku mid ah meelaha ay isku dul dhacaan, cone-yada 13 iyo 14-na keliya °C (°F-kooda halkan waa la beddelay). Dooro tiirka u dhigma sida dhakhsaha ah ee kiln-kaagu u kacay 100 °C (180 °F) ee ugu dambeeya. Xeerka guud ee Orton waa tiirka 150 °C/h (270 °F/h) gubid dhakhso ah, tiirka 60 °C/h (108 °F/h) mid dhexdhexaad ah iyo tiirka 15 °C/h (27 °F/h) mid tartiib ah. Si aad u xisaabiso xawaare, u qaybi heerkulka uu kacay saacadaha ay qaadatay: kiln 500 °C (900 °F) ku kaca 3 saacadood wuxuu ku kululaanayaa qiyaastii 167 °C/h (300 °F/h).

Xariiqdu waxay calaamadaysaa tiro aan halkan lagu soo guurin; ka eeg jaantuska buuxa ee Orton.

Orton wuxuu sameeyaa cone-yo ilaa 42 oo loogu talagalay shaqada heerkulka sare, laakiin heerkulka wuxuu daabacaa keliya ilaa cone 14; cone-yada ka kulul jaantusyadiisu waa "la heli karaa (codsi ahaan)". Jaantus Orton oo hore, sida ay sameeyayaasha kiln-yadu dib u daabacaan, wuxuu cone 15 weyn u bixiyaa 1431 °C (2608 °F) xawaaraha 150 °C/h (270 °F/h), mana helin tiro la daabacay oo cone 16 ama ka sarreeya ah. Cone 14 dabadeed, dhig cone-yo markhaati ah oo raac, oo hubi in kiln-kaaga loo qiimeeyay kulaylkaas.

Cone-yada waaweyni waxay akhriyaan dhowr darajo gudahood tirooyinkan: cone 6 weyn oo 60 °C/h (108 °F/h) ah waa 1220 °C (2228 °F). Cone-yada yaryar, nooca kiln sitter-ka lagu isticmaalo, waxaa lagu taxay keliya 300 °C/h (540 °F/h), sidaas darteed jaantusku wuxuu cone 6 yar u bixiyaa 1255 °C (2291 °F). Taasi ma aha heerkulka uu sitter-ku kiln-ka ku damiyo. Shaqada cone-ka sitter-ku waa in uu la jaanqaado cone-ka rafka, go'aanka ugu dambeeyana cone-ka rafka ayaa leh.

Laba digniinood. Buug-yaraha Orton ee 2019 wuxuu cone 06 xawaaraha dhakhsaha ah u bixiyaa 1024 °C (1875 °F), laakiin jaantuska iyo su'aalaha badanaa la isweydiiyo ee Orton labaduba waxay bixiyaan 1013 °C (1855 °F), kan halkan la isticmaalay. Jadwalka cone-yada waaweyn ee ku yaal dhamaadka buugga tilmaamaha kiln sitter-ka Dawson wuxuu leeyahay khaladaad soo guuris (cone 5 oo ka kulul cone 6), sidaas darteed ha isticmaalin.

Diyaarinta xidhmada cone-yada

Cone markhaati ah (witness cone) waa cone la dhigo raf alaabta agteeda, halkaas oo uu ka helo isla kulaylka. Orton si cad ayuu u sheegaa doorkiisa: "Cabbirka dhabta ah ee keliya ee shaqada kulaylka waa cone Weyn ama Is-taaga oo rafka la dhigay alaabta agteeda." Kiln sitter wuxuu fadhiyaa meel u dhow derbiga, dareemaha controller ama pyrometer-na wuxuu akhriyaa heerkulka u dhow derbiga; cone markhaati ahi wuxuu akhriyaa meesha dheryaha yaalaan.

Xidhmada cone-yada (cone pack) waa saddex cone markhaati ah oo la wada dhigo, lambar mid ah ayay kala fog yihiin:

Cone-yo is-taaga ama plaque

L&L, sameeye kiln oo Maraykan ah, wuxuu xidhmada ugu talinayaa cone-yo is-taaga "sababtoo ah waa kuwa ugu fudud isticmaalka, waxayna bixiyaan natiijooyinka ugu joogtada badan": dhererkooda iyo janjeerkoodu way ku dhisan yihiin.

Cone-yada waaweyni waxay u baahan yihiin plaque (hay diyaarsan) ama xabbad (pat) dhoobo jilicsan oo daloolo leh, oo qalin lagu duleeliyay. Mid walba ku dhig si sax ah 2 inji (51 mm) oo muuqda, 8° ka janjeera toosnaanta xagga wejigiisa foorarsiga. Si aad wejigaas u hesho, cone-ka ku taag saldhigiisa meel siman, ka qabo caarada, kadibna sii daa: wuxuu u dhacaa xagga wejiga foorarsiga.

Meesha xidhmooyinka la dhigo

1. Xidhmada dhig "qoto dheer gudaha kiln-ka, haddana... laga arki karo peephole" (Orton), u dhow bartamaha rarka oo ka fog hawo socota (L&L). Ha dhigin peephole-ka agtiisa: cone-yadu waa inay dareemaan kulaylka ay alaabtu dareemayso.
2. Intaadan daboolka xidhin, ka eeg peephole-ka oo hubi inaad arki karto saddexda cone.
3. Kiln leh sitter, rafka xidhmada ka dhig ugu yaraan 1 inji (25 mm) ka sarreeya ama ka hooseeya tuubada sitter-ka, si raf janjeera uusan u xannibin sitter-ka.
4. Gubidyadaada ugu horreeya, xidhmo dhig rafka sare, kan dhexe iyo kan hoose. Tijaabada hagaajinta ee L&L way ka sii fogaataa: laba xidhmo oo cone-yo 07, 06 iyo 05 ah raf kasta, mid cidhifka iyo mid bartamaha.

Filo farqiyo: Orton wuxuu leeyahay "Caadi ahaan, waxaad arkaysaa ugu yaraan farqi hal cone ah inta u dhaxaysa sare iyo hoose ee kiln-ka", meelaha si cufan loo raray waxay gubtaan si ka qabow. Xidhmooyinka aadan arki karin inta gubiddu socoto weli waxay bixiyaan diiwaan dabadeed.

Kiln sitter-ka

Kiln sitter waa furaha farsamada, oo ku yaal dibadda kiln-yo badan oo fudud iyo kuwo hore, kaas oo kiln-ka damiya marka cone yar uu foorarsado. Kan ugu caansan waa Dawson Kiln-Sitter. Wuxuu gubidda ka dhigaa mid fudud, laakiin waa sahlanaan, ma aha qalab badbaado.

Sida uu u shaqeeyo

Tuubo porcelain ah ayaa gudaha kiln-ka gasha. Dhammaadkeeda, cone yar ama bar ayaa dul jiifa laba tiir oo bir ah, oo ka hooseeya ulka dareemaha (sensing rod) oo u wareega sida lulid. Dibadda kiln-ka, dhinaca kale ee ulku wuxuu ku hayaa culays ciddi yar. Marka cone-ku jilco oo foorarsado ilaa qiyaastii 90°, ulku wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa inta ku filan in uu culayska sii daayo, culayska ayaa dhaca, korontada element-yada kululeeyana waa la gooyaa.

Cone-yada yaryar iyo bar-yadu "waxay bixiyaan daaweyn kulayl oo u dhiganta". Orton wuxuu xusaa in bilowyaal badan ay doortaan bar-yada, sababtoo ah qaabkooda simani wuxuu fududeeyaa in mar walba si isku mid ah loo dhigo. Cone yar wuu sii dhuubaa, sidaas darteed meesha uu fadhiyo ayaa muhiim ah: qaybtiisa dhuuban oo ulka hoostiisa ah kiln-ku wuxuu damaa isagoo ka qabow, qaybta qarada weynna isagoo ka kulul, isbeddel "ilaa 1/2 cone" ah.

Cone-kee ayaa sitter-ka la geliyaa

Iluhu way isku khilaafaan. Dawson, oo sameeyay sitter-ka, wuxuu leeyahay isticmaal isla lambarka cone-ka gubidda ee rafka, oo hal lambar ka kulul u gudub keliya haddii cone-ka rafku aan foorarsan. L&L wuxuu leeyahay isticmaal hal lambar ka kulul cone-yada rafka, sababtoo ah sitter-ku wuxuu fadhiyaa meel u dhow derbiga iyo element-yada, kulayl badan ayuu helaa, wuxuuna u janjeeraa in uu goor hore damiyo. Orton ayaa mabda'a dejiya: "Cone-ka rafka ayaa ah garsooraha ugu dambeeya ee habka gubidda, ma aha cone-ka ama bar-ka Kiln-Sitter-ka."

Barta aan ka bilowno: sitter-ka geli cone yar oo la lambar ah bartilmaameedkaaga, rafkana xidhmo cone ah. Haddii cone-ka gubidda ee rafku aan ku filnayn foorarsigiisa marka kiln-ku damo, mar dambe sitter-ka hal lambar ka kulul geli, ama qaybta qarada weyn ee cone-ka ulka hoostiisa dhig. Haddii uu xad-dhaaf u foorarsado, samee lidkeeda.

Diyaarinta, iyo hubinta gubid kasta ka hor

Habka Dawson, oo sidoo kale ah hubin gubid kasta ka hor:

1. Dami dhammaan furayaasha. Hubi in ulka dareemuhu si xor ah u dhaqaaqo, uu ku fadhiyo bartamaha tuubada, aanu qalloocsanayn ama daxalaysnayn. Haddii uu gaabis yahay, Dawson wuxuu leeyahay beddel qaybta tuubada oo dhan.
2. Tiirarka cone-ka iyo ulka meesha uu cone-ka taabto ku mari lakab khafiif ah oo kiln wash gubid sare ah (dahaarka rafaha kiln-ka, kaas oo ka hortaga in walax dhalaashay ay ku dhegto). Weligaa ha marin wash cone-ka ama tuubada porcelain-ka.
3. Rafaha iyo alaabta ku rar ugu yaraan 1 inji (25 mm) ka sarreeya ama ka hooseeya tuubada, si aanay waxba u taaban, ugu dhicin ama u xannibin.
4. Kor u qaad culayska, ciddiyaha hoos ugu riix kiciyaha (trigger), cone-ka ama bar-ka si siman ugu jiifi tiirarka, oo ku tiirsan tallaabada birta ah, sida buugga tilmaamaha sitter-kaagu muujiyo, mar walba si isku mid ah. Hubi mar kale intaadan daboolka xidhin: "CONE AMA BAR SI KHALAD AH LOO DHIGAY WUXUU KEENI KARAA XAD-DHAAF GUBID."
5. Deji limit timer-ka oo riix badhanka (plunger) ilaa uu xidhmo. Kiln-ka ku hay meel siman, meesha culayska hoostiisana bannaan ka dhig, si culaysku u dhici karo.

Limit timer-ka

Sitter-yo badan, oo ay ku jiraan moodelada LT ee Dawson, waxay leeyihiin limit timer: saacad kiln-ka damisa waqti la dejiyay kadib, kayd ahaan "haddii KILN-SITTER-ku fashilmo". Waa in mar walba loo dejiyaa waqti ka dheer inta gubidda la filayo inay qaadato. Iluhu si kala duwan ayay u dejiyaan farqiga:

Barta aan ka bilowno: deeqsi noqo markii ugu horreysay (20-ka saacadood ee tilmaamaha gudahood), dabadeed ½ ilaa 1 saacadood ka dheer waqtiga aad diiwaangelisay. Timer-ku wuxuu sidoo kale kuu sheegaa inta gubid qaadatay: haddii lagu dejiyay 7 oo uu ku dhammaaday 1, waa 6 saacadood.

Marka uu goor hore ama goor dambe damiyo

Gubid kasta kadib, akhri cone-ka sitter-ka oo barbar dhig cone-yada rafka.

Si loo hubiyo hagaajinta, Dawson wuxuu isticmaalaa firing gauge oo ulka ku haya meeshii cone si buuxda u foorarsaday uu kaga tagi lahaa; markaas waa inay jirtaa "bannaan 1/16 inji ah" (qiyaastii 1.6 mm) ciddiyaha. Hubi 30-kii gubidba mar. Xeerka Ceramics Monthly: haddii kiln-ku goor hore damo, saxanka kiciyaha wax yar kor u dhaqaaji; haddii goor dambe, wax yar hoos u dhaqaaji. Wax kasta oo sitter-ku sameeyo, "Mar walba ku kalsoonow cone-yada markhaatiga waaweyn halkii cone-yada yaryar ee sitter-ka."

Sitter-ka waxaa loo dhisay gubidyo "ilaa iyo Cone 8 oo ay ku jirto". Isagu keligiis ma hayn karo heerkul, mana qaboojin karo si tartiib ah. Haddana, tababar iyo diiwaan, waxaad "noqon kartaa controller-ka", sida Digitalfire u dhigo: daawo cone-yada oo gacanta ku wareeji furayaasha.

Akhrinta cone-yada

Cone-yada laba jeer ayaa la akhriyaa: peephole-ka laga eego inta kiln-ku gubayo, iyo gacantaada marka uu qaboobo.

Inta gubiddu socoto

Peephole waa dalool yar oo dhex mara derbiga kiln-ka, oo lagu xidho fur la saari karo. Weligaa ha ka eegin adigoon xidhan ilaalinta indhaha. Orton wuxuu leeyahay "Muraayadaha alxanka (welding) waa in la isticmaalo si looga fogaado dhaawac indhaha oo suurtagal ah. Muraayadaha qorraxda laguma talinayo." Muraayadaha alxanka ee shade 3, oo loo qiimeeyay infrared, ayaa inta badan lagu taliyaa; isticmaal kuwo ka madow haddii aad dhibco aragto dabadeed.

• Cone-ka hagaha (guide cone) oo bilaaba foorarsiga wuxuu ka dhigan yahay in dhammaadku dhow yahay: halkan wixii ka dambeeya si dhow u daawo.
• Marka cone uu bilaabo, wuxuu qaataa 15 ilaa 25 daqiiqo si uu u foorarsado (buug-yaraha cusub ee Orton wuxuu leeyahay 15 ilaa 22), marka hore si tartiib ah, kadibna si dhakhso ah marka uu dhaafo kalabarka, saacadda 3.
• Cone-ka gubiddu (firing cone) wuu dhammaaday marka caaradiisu la siman tahay saldhigiisa.

Kiln gacmeed, peephole-ku waa calaamadda keliya ee dhabta ah ee waqtiga dhabta ah, taas ayaana sababta xidhmadu ay u fadhiyo meel aad arki karto.

Gubidda kadib

Orton wuxuu foorarsiga u akhriyaa sida weji saacadeed. Cone aan foorarsan wuxuu u tilmaamayaa kor, saacadda 12; cone rafka taabanaya wuxuu joogaa saacadda 6. Barta dhammaadku waa foorarsi 90° ah, caaraduna la siman tahay saldhigga: barta lagu cabbiray heerkulka jaantuska, Orton-na wuxuu cone kasta oo u dhexeeya saacadda 5 ilaa 6 u tiriyaa mid si sax ah u gubtay. Inta u dhaxaysa saacadda 4 iyo taabashada rafka farqigu waa yar yahay, "badanaa 1 ama 2 darajo".

Hagaajinta mar dambe

Cone offset waa dejin controller oo heerkulka uu cone u leeyahay kor ama hoos u dhaqaajisa si uu ula jaanqaado waxa cone-yada markhaatigaagu muujiyaan. Hay xidhmo kasta oo la gubay oo qor sida mid walba u foorarsaday (eeg Gubidda kadib, hoos).

Gubidda bisque

Gubidda bisque (gubidda koowaad; biscuit UK-da) waa gubidda koowaad ee hoose ee dhoobada qalalan u beddesha alaab adag oo daloolo leh oo diyaar u ah glaze. Badanaa waxaa lagu gubaa cone 06–04, 998–1063 °C (1828–1945 °F) jaantuska Orton; dhoobo-sameeyayaasha UK badanaa waxay ku gubaan qiyaastii 1000 °C (1832 °F), u dhow cone 06. Bisque-ku waa inuu ahaado mid daloolo leh, "guud ahaan in ka badan 15%" (Digitalfire), si uu biyaha uga nuugo glaze-ka. Bisque aad u jilicsan wuxuu qaataa glaze aad u qaro weyn, kaas oo markaas dillaaca oo crawl gala (dib ugu soo ururo jasiirado, isagoo dhoobo qaawan ka taga). Bisque si yar loo gubay sidoo kale "wuxuu sii wadaa isku-soo-ururka inta lagu jiro gubidda glaze-ka", taas oo xumaysa ku-habboonaanta glaze-ka. Raridda waa la cafiyaa: xabbaduhu way isa taaban karaan, daboolada waxaa lagu gubi karaa dheryahooda dushooda, baaquliyadana af-ka-af ayaa la isugu dhigaa halkii la isku dhex geliyo.

Sababta qaybta hore u socoto si tartiib ah

Biyuhu waxay ku fidaan in ka badan kun jeer marka ay uumi noqdaan, sidaas darteed alaabta qoyan waa in si tartiib ah loo qalajiyo. L&L iyo Orton waxay ku taliyaan in "Daryeel gaar ah laga qaado 1500°F (815°C) hoostiisa si jidhka loogu kululeeyo si siman", iyo in kaarboonka la gubo ka hor qiyaastii 650 °C (1200 °F). 816 °C (1500 °F) wixii ka sarreeya kiln-ku si dhakhso ah ayuu u kici karaa.

Quartz inversion waa isbeddelka kedis ah ee cabbirka silica-da dhoobada ku jirta 573 °C (1063 °F): way fiddaa marka kor loo socdo, wayna isku soo ururtaa marka hoos loo socdo. Slow Bisque-ka L&L wuu ku gaabiyaa marka uu dhex marayo, inta u dhaxaysa 538 °C (1000 °F) iyo 593 °C (1100 °F). Digitalfire wuxuu ogaaday in tani ay "aan loo baahnayn gubidyada bisque", Ceramics Monthly-na wuxuu leeyahay inay inta badan muhiim tahay marka la qaboojinayo alaab cufan. Gaabintu wax yar ayay ku kacdaa, sidaas darteed talo ahaan waxaan leenahay u hay xabbadaha qarada weyn.

Candling: qalajinta gudaha kiln-ka

Candling waxay ka dhigan tahay in kiln-ka lagu hayo heerkul hoose, daboolka oo kor loo qabtay ama hawo-saarka oo shaqaynaya, ilaa qoyaankii ugu dambeeyay uu ka baxo alaabta. Iluhu way isku khilaafaan heerkulka:

Barta aan ka bilowno: si tartiib ah u kac ilaa aan ka badnayn qiyaastii 121 °C (250 °F), oo joog ilaa muraayad lagu qabtay hawo-saarka ay nadiif ahaato. Alaabta qarada weyn ama qoyan habeenkii oo dhan ku joog.

Tijaabada muraayadda: muraayad heerkulka qolka ah ku qabo dalool hawo-saar ah ama bannaanka daboolka kor loo qabtay hoostiisa. Haddii ay ceeryaamowdo, biyo ayaa weli ka baxaya; sug, kadibna mar kale tijaabi.

Jadwallada controller-ka

Controller waa qalab elektaroonig ah oo kiln-ka ku guba jadwal (schedule): liis qaybo (segments) ah, mid walba waa xawaare kicitaan (ramp-ka), heerkul bartilmaameed ah iyo joogsi ikhtiyaari ah. Hoos waxaa ku yaal laba jadwal oo diyaarsan oo ka yimid controller-yada DynaTrol ee L&L iyo Bartlett, iyo jadwal uu daabacay Digitalfire. "Heerkulka ugu sarreeya" waa heerkulka controller-ka laftiisa u leeyahay cone-ka aad doorato: cone 04 waa 1052 °C (1926 °F), cone 06-na 993 °C (1819 °F).

Waqtiyada L&L waa "kiln-yada madhan ee ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtagal ah"; kiln la raray wuxuu qaadan karaa ilaa afar jeer ka dheer, joogsi kasta oo aad ku dartaana waa shaqo kulayl dheeraad ah oo aanay jadwalladan diyaarsani xisaabta ku darin. L&L wuxuu ku taliyaa Slow Bisque, oo leh preheat 2–3 saacadood ama ka dheer, xabbadaha waaweyn ama qoyan, wuxuuna ka digaa gubidda dhakhsaha ah, taas oo "keeni karta cilado sida pinholes, dillaac, iyo gubid aan ku filnayn".

BQ1000 wuxuu qaataa qiyaastii 7 saacadood iyo 44 daqiiqo. Qoraagiisu wuxuu u arkaa ilaa 278 °C/h (500 °F/h) mid fiican alaabta khafiifka ah ee qalalan, wuxuuna gaabiyaa tallaabada ugu dambeysa si heerkulka rarka oo dhan loo simo.

Cone-yada controller-ka iyo jaantuska Orton

Controller-yada L&L iyo Bartlett waxay cone 04 u isticmaalaan 1052 °C (1926 °F), cone 06-na 993 °C (1819 °F), wax yar ka hooseeya 1063 °C (1945 °F) iyo 998 °C (1828 °F) ee Orton; waxay ku heshiiyaan cone 6 iyo cone 10. Cone-yada markhaatiga ayaa xalliya farqiga: haddii ay khilaafaan controller-ka, ku sax cone offset-ka.

Kiln gacmeed

Kiln gacmeed wuxuu isla qorshahaas gacanta ku raacaa: si tartiib ah u qalaji adigoo daboolka kor u qabtay oo peephole-yadu furan yihiin, furayaasha tallaabo tallaabo uga qaad Low ilaa Medium ilaa High, sitter-kuna ha dhammeeyo gubidda. Hababka la daabacay waxay ku jiraan Kiln-yada gacmeed oo faahfaahsan, hoos.

Gubidda glaze-ka

Gubidda glaze-ku waxay glaze-ka u dhalaalisaa muraayad bisque-ka dul saaran. Bilowyaasha intooda badan waxay glaze-yada gubidda hoose ku gubaan cone 06–04 ama glaze-yada gubidda dhexe cone 5–6. Ku gub cone-ka ku qoran calaamadaha dhoobadaada iyo glaze-kaaga, adigoo isticmaalaya xidhmo cone ah oo lambarkaas ku wareegsan. Waxa gudaha glaze-ka ka dhaca marka uu dhalaalayo, eeg Aasaaska glaze-ka.

Raridda gubidda glaze-ka

• Xabbadaha glaze-ka leh waa inaanay isa taaban ama derbiyada taaban: u daa qiyaastii ½ inji (13 mm).
• Glaze-ka ka ilaali cagta (dry-footing), ama alaabta gubidda hoose dul dhig stilts, taageerooyin yaryar oo caarooyin leh. Stoneware iyo porcelain waa inaanay stilts dul istaagin, kuwaas oo heerkulkaas ku dhex gala; isticmaal kiln wash gubid sare ah ama ciid silica ah.
• U daa ugu yaraan 1 inji (25 mm) cidhifyada rafaha iyo derbiga ama sitter-ka dhexdooda.

Jadwallada controller-ka

Slow Glaze waa doorashada caadiga ah ee ammaanka badan, marka la eego digniinta L&L ee gubidda dhakhsaha ah. Haddii aad ku darto joogsi ka badan 5–10 daqiiqo heerkulka ugu sarreeya, L&L wuxuu leeyahay hoos u dhig bartilmaameedka ama cone offset-ka si ay isugu dheelitirmaan, wuxuuna xusaa in "Joogsiga heerkulka sare uu dedejiyo duugoobidda element-yada iyo thermocouple-ka."

Cone 6: drop-and-hold

Glaze-yada gubidda dhexe mararka qaarkood waxay ka soo baxaan pinholes (daloolo aad u yaryar oo dusha ah) ama finan, oo ay ka tageen gaas ka xumbaynaya walaxda dhalaalaysa. Jadwalka drop-and-hold wuxuu ku gubaa ilaa xagga sare, si dhakhso ah ayuu u qaboojiyaa qiyaastii 56 °C (100 °F), halkaasna wuu ku joogaa. Erayada Digitalfire: "Hoos u dhigista 100°F iyo joogsigu waxay walaxda dhalaalaysa siisaa cufnaan (viscosity) ku filan si ay u dillaacsato xumbada iyadoo weli u oggolaanaysa inay bogsadaan."

PLC6DS wuxuu qaataa qiyaastii 9 saacadood iyo 36 daqiiqo. Glaze-yada ka socodka badan, Digitalfire wuxuu hoos u dhigaa qiyaastii 111 °C (200 °F) halkii; hoos u dhigis aad u fog "waxay khatar galisaa crystallization inta joogsigu socdo". Heerkulkiisa ugu sarreeya ee 1204 °C (2200 °F) wuu ka hooseeyaa 1222 °C (2232 °F) ee jaantuska ee cone 6; Digitalfire wuxuu sheegaa in kiln-yada intooda badani ay cone 6 gaadhaan qiyaastii 1204 °C (2200 °F). Ku hubi xidhmo cone ah kiln-kaaga.

Qaboojinta tartiibka ah

Qaboojinta tartiibka ah (slow cooling) waxay ka dhigan tahay in controller-ku kiln-ka ku qaboojiyo xawaare la dejiyay halkii uu si xor ah u dhici lahaa. C6DHSC ee Digitalfire waa PLC6DS oo ay ku xigto qaboojin 83 °C/h (150 °F/h) ah oo ka bilaabanta 1148 °C (2100 °F) ilaa 760 °C (1400 °F), kadibna la damiyo. Waxay "hagaajisaa ifidda iyo tayada dusha", waxayna caawisaa buluugga rutile, laakiin qaboojinta tartiibka ahi "waxay kordhin kartaa matte-nimada" (glaze matte ah ayaa qallalay), waxayna gaabin kartaa cimriga relay-yada kiln-ka. L&L sidoo kale wuxuu la keenaa barnaamij qaboojin tartiib ah oo cone 6 ah:

Controller-yada Skutt sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan preheat iyo doorasho qaboojin hal tallaabo ah.

Kiln gacmeed

Kiln gacmeed ma raaci karo jadwalladan si sax ah, laakiin qorshuhu waa isku mid: marka hore si deggan, bartamaha si joogto ah, dhammaadkana adigoo daawanaya. Jadwalka glaze-ka gubidda hoose ee Bracker's wuxuu ku jiraa Kiln-yada gacmeed oo faahfaahsan, hoos; cone-yada ka kulul wuxuu ku daraa "celcelis ahaan 15–30 daqiiqo lambar cone kasta". Pyrometer, tababar iyo diiwaan, waxaad qiyaas ahaan u koobiyeyn kartaa drop-and-hold ama qaboojin tartiib ah adigoo gacanta ku yaraynaya furayaasha, sida Digitalfire soo jeediyo.

Kiln-yada gacmeed oo faahfaahsan

Sida furayaashu u shaqeeyaan

Kiln-yada hore (L&L wuxuu leeyahay inta badan kuwii la sameeyay 1975 ka hor) waxay leeyihiin furayaal afar meelood leh: Off, Low, Medium iyo High, wax dhexdooda ahna ma leh. Kiln-yada dambe waxay isticmaalaan infinite switches, oo lagu calaamadeeyay Off, kadibna 1 ilaa 11, kadibna High kiln-yada L&L. Infinite switch ma diro koronto ka yar. Element-yada si buuxda ayuu u shidaa una damiyaa wareeg soo noqnoqda: Low, L&L wuxuu leeyahay, "waxay shidnaan karaan qiyaastii 7 ilbiriqsi, oo damsanaan karaan 23 ilbiriqsi wareeg 30 ilbiriqsi ah". Inta dejintu sarreyso, inta ay shidnaadaan ayaa dheeraata, High-na mar walba way shidan yihiin. Lambarradu ma aha boqolley sax ah, sidaas darteed kiln-kaaga ku baro cone-yo iyo diiwaanno.

Habka guud ee L&L

Habka L&L soo jeediyay ee kiln leh saddex fure, sitter iyo hawo-saar la'aan:

Jadwallada Bracker's

Bracker's Good Earth Clays, alaab-qeybiye dhoobo oo Maraykan ah, wuxuu kuwan u daabacaa kiln-yada gacmeed ee aan hawo-saar lahayn:

Bracker's ma sheego cone-ka rafka ee cone-ka sitter-ka bisque-kiisu u dhigmo, sidaas darteed ku hubi xidhmadaada cone. Hawo-saar downdraft ah, tallaabooyinku waa isku mid, laakiin hawo-saarku wuxuu shaqeeyaa gubidda iyo qaboojinta oo dhan, daboolkuna wuu xidhnaanayaa. Bracker's sidoo kale wuxuu soo jeediyaa kala-dhigid: furayaasha mid mid kor ugu qaad, qiyaastii 30 daqiiqo kala dheer.

Goorta daboolka la xidho iyo peephole-yada la furo-xidho

Barta aan ka bilowno: xidh daboolka marka muraayad lagu qabtay bannaanka aanay mar dambe ceeryaamoobin, casaanka madowna xidh peephole kasta marka laga reebo kan sare, kaas oo furnaanaya gubidda oo dhan.

Simidda sare iyo hoose

Haddii xidhmooyinkaaga cone-ku muujiyaan in hoosku ka qabow yahay sarta, Orton wuxuu soo jeediyaa in lagu bilaabo furaha hoose oo Medium ah inta kalena Low, kadibna furaha hoose marka hore High loo rogo. Ama furaha sare u daa damsan ilaa kuwa kale ay gaadhaan Medium, kadibna kan sare kor u qaad hal tallaabo gadaashooda, adigoo ku haya Medium qiyaastii saacad kadib marka kuwa kale ay High u gudbaan. Meelaha si cufan loo raray waxay gubtaan si ka qabow, raryada culusina waqti dheer ayay qaataan.

Barta laga bilaabo kiln-kaaga

Haddii kiln-kaagu la iman waayay tilmaamo, jadwalka hoose waa barta laga bilaabo oo aan ka soo ururinay hababka la daabacay ee kor ku xusan. Ma aha jadwal la daabacay. Ku hagaaji cone-yo markhaati ah oo ka beddel diiwaannadaada; marxalad kasta dheerayso raryada culus ama alaabta qarada weyn.

Haddii sitter-ku damiyo ka hor inta cone-yada rafku aanay dhicin, mar dambe sitter-ka hal cone ka kulul geli, sida L&L ku taliyo.

Isticmaalka pyrometer

Pyrometer waa cabbir heerkul oo laga akhriyo thermocouple, dareeme kulayl oo dhex mara derbiga kiln-ka. Wuxuu muujiyaa sida dhakhsaha ah ee kiln-ku u kacayo, si aad u doorato tiirka saxda ah ee jaantuska cone-yada. Laakiin wuxuu akhriyaa meel u dhow derbiga, ma aha alaabta, wuuna leexdaa. L&L wuxuu xusaa in thermocouple nooca K ah uu ka leexan karo in ka badan 14 °C (25 °F) gubidyo cone 6 ah oo soo noqnoqda kadib, "farqi ka weyn cone buuxa", halka cone is-taaga uu ku kala duwanaado aan ka badnayn 2 °C (4 °F). Orton wuxuu leeyahay pyrometer-yadu waxay u baahan yihiin dib u hagaajin waqti ka waqti, cone-yaduna waa sida aad ku hubiso.

Hawo-saarka, ka eegidda iyo badbaadada

Hawo-saarka

Bilowga gubidda, dhoobada iyo glaze-ku waxay soo daayaan uumi biyood iyo qiiqyo, oo ay ku jiraan carbon monoxide, glaze-yaduna waxay soo deyn karaan qiiqyo sun ah xitaa goor dambe oo gubidda ah. L&L wuxuu hawo-saarkooda ugu yeedhaa "lagama maarmaan". Nidaam hawo-saar la'aan, taasi waxay ka dhigan tahay daboolka oo kor loo qabtay iyo peephole-yada oo furan marxaladaha hore, sida hababka kor ku xusan; gaabinta kululaynta waqtigan sidoo kale waxay caawisaa gubashada kaarboonka. Kiln aan hawo-saar lahayn, Dawson, oo sameeyay sitter-ka, sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay peephole-ka sare u daa furan gubidda oo dhan: hawo-saarku "wuxuu yarayn doonaa xumaanshaha qaybaha birta ah ee kiln-ka wuxuuna kordhin doonaa cimriga qaybta tuubada". Hawo-saar downdraft (downdraft vent: hawo-saar koronto ku shaqeeya oo kiln-ka lagu xidhay) ayaa tan beddela. Isaga ayaa hawo-saarka sameeya, sidaas darteed Orton wuxuu leeyahay daboolka iyo peephole-yadu way xidhnaanayaan gubidda oo dhan marka laga reebo hubinta cone-yada, L&L-na wuxuu leeyahay hawo-saarka shid oo xidh peephole-yada.

Hawo-wareejinta qolka, iyo digniinta carbon monoxide, eeg Isku-darka ammaanka ah iyo hawo-wareejinta iyo Ha sumayn qoyskaaga.

Inta kiln-ku gubayo

• Peephole ka eeg keliya adigoo xidhan muraayadaha alxanka shade 3 ee loo qiimeeyay IR; muraayadaha qorraxdu kuma filna. Skutt wuxuu ku taliyaa in furka la maroojiyo meeshooda si aanay u dhicin.
• Agtiisa joog oo hubi kiln-ka inta uu gubayo, gaar ahaan marka uu ku dhow yahay waqtiga dhammaadka la filayo; sitter ma aha qalab aan fashilmin. Gub keliya marka qof weyn uu guriga joogo oo soo jeedo gubidda oo dhan.
• Weligaa ha ku gubin wax guban kara korkiisa ama agtiisa, sida sagxad alwaax ah ama roog.
• Ilaali masaafada bannaan ee buuggaaga tilmaamaha. Tirooyinka la daabacay waxay u dhexeeyaan 12 inji (30 cm) ilaa 3 fuudh (91 cm); meesha buugga tilmaamuhu aanu waxba ka sheegin, 18 inji (46 cm) derbiyada iyo 3 fuudh (91 cm) wax kasta oo guban kara waa doorashada ugu ammaanka badan.
• Meesha ku wareegsan culayska sitter-ka bannaan ka dhig si uu u dhici karo.
• Marka gubiddu dhammaato, dami furayaasha, sidoo kale dami breaker-ka.

Qaboojinta iyo ka soo saarista

Qaboojintu waa qayb ka mid ah gubidda. L&L iyo Orton waxay ku taliyaan: "Kiln-ka u daa inuu si dabiici ah u qaboobo isagoo daboolku xidhan yahay", iyo "Weligaa hawo qabow ha gelin kiln kulul." Furitaan goor hore ah "wuxuu keeni karaa dillaac", silica-da alaabta ku jirtana si kedis ah ayay isu soo ururtaa marka ay dhaafto 573 °C (1063 °F) inta ay qaboobayso. Controller la'aan, kiln-ka xidhnaan ku hay "ilaa heerkulku si fiican uga hooseeyo kulaylka casaanka (900°F / 482°C)", ugu yaraanna 8 saacadood. Weligaa si khasab ah ha u qaboojin kiln weli iftiimaya. Dillaacyo cidhifyo af leh oo alaabta la gubay ku jira waa calaamad qaboojin aad u dhakhso badan.

Goorta la furo oo laga soo saaro

Talada aan bixinno: daboolka fur keliya marka uu ka hooseeyo qiyaastii 93 °C (200 °F), oo ka soo saar marka uu ka hooseeyo qiyaastii 52 °C (125 °F), ama marka aad alaabta si raaxo leh ugu qaban karto gacmo qaawan. Raryada glaze-ka, oo cufan oo muraayad u eg, waxay u baahan yihiin samir ka badan bisque. Pyrometer la'aan, sug ilaa kiln-ku si buuxda u qaboobo.

Akhri cone-yada markhaatiga isla marka aad kiln-ka furto, ka hor inta aan waxba la dhaqaajin, oo qor waxa aad aragto inta ay weli cusub tahay.

Gubidda kadib

Diiwaangeli

Qor gubid kasta: taariikhda, kiln-ka, rarka, jadwalka ama waqtiyada furayaasha, akhriska timer-ka, iyo sida cone markhaati kasta iyo cone-ka sitter-ku u foorarsadeen, raf raf. Sidoo kale hay cone-yada la gubay. Orton wuxuu xusaa in "Isbarbardhigga natiijooyinka 6 ilaa 10-kii gubid ee ugu dambeeyay uu muujin doono isbeddellada tartiibka ah ee kiln-ka ka dhacaya, sida gabowga element-yada kululeeya." Diiwaannada gubidda ee Glazecalc ayaa hayn kara diiwaannadan, iyadoo leh tiirar aad doorato sida waqtiga, heerkulka, cone-ka, ramp-ka iyo joogsiga; natiijooyinka glaze-kuna waxay geli karaan qoraaladaada.

Daryeelka kiln sitter-ka

• Nadiifi tiirarka cone-ka "gubid kasta kadib burush yar oo silig ah". Haddii wash ama cone dhalaalay aanu ka bixin, rog tiirarka ama beddel; Dawson wuxuu soo jeediyaa in la haysto laba lammaane.
• "WELIGAA HA ISTICMAALIN SAYID (LUBRICANTS) NOOC KASTA AH KILN-SITTER-KA."
• Baadh meesha uu ku wareego (pivot) 6–12 biloodba mar, oo beddel ul qalloocsan ama duugoobay.
• Ku hubi hagaajinta firing gauge-ka 30-kii gubidba mar.

Rafaha iyo kiln wash-ka

Kiln wash (dahaarka ilaaliya rafaha kiln-ka) wuxuu rafaha ka ilaaliyaa glaze dhibcaya, wuxuuna u oggolaadaa dheryaha la gubay in kor looga qaado. Ku mari keliya dusha raf kasta iyo sagxadda kiln-ka, "qiyaastii qaradda kaadh boosta". Habka ugu wanaagsan ee L&L waa saddex lakab oo khafiif ah, oo la gubo lakabyada dhexdooda haddii ay suurtagal tahay. Dhoobo-sameeyayaal badan sidoo kale xabbadaha leh glaze-yo socda waxay dul dhigaan cookie, saxan bisque ah oo qabta dhibcaha. Tani waa dhaqan caadi ah, inkastoo aanaan helin talo sameeye kiln ah oo ku saabsan.

Element-yada

Element-yadu way duugoobaan: lakab oksaydh ah ayaa ku sameysma, koronto ka yar ayaa socota, gubidyaduna way gaabiyaan. Joogsiyo dheer oo heerkul sare ah ayaa si dhakhso ah u duugeeya element-yada iyo thermocouple-ka. Skutt wuxuu ku taliyaa gubid tijaabo ah kiln cusub ama la dayactiray, si element-yadu u sameeyaan lakab oksaydh ah oo ilaaliya. Raac tilmaamaha sameeyahaaga ee tijaabinta iyo beddelidda element-yada.

Giraanta iyo bar-yada

Warshadaha Ingiriisku waxay sidoo kale isticmaaleen laba tilmaame shaqo kulayl oo kale. Bullers rings waa saxanno siman oo u yaraada si u dhiganta shaqada kulaylka, waxaana lagu cabbiraa cabbir (gauge) gubidda kadib. Holdcroft bars, laga soo bilaabo 1898, waxay bartamaha ka laabtaan iyagoo dul saaran laba tiir, fikradda ka dambaysa bar-ka kiln sitter-ka. Ma helin jadwal midkood u beddela lambarrada cone-ka Orton, sidaas darteed hagahan wuxuu isticmaalaa cone-yada Orton; waxaan qorsheynaynaa inaan giraanta iyo bar-yada ku daboolno nooc dambe.

Ilaha

• Orton: Using Orton Pyrometric Cones (jaantuska cone-yada, ©2001)
• Orton: Cones and Firing, a practical guide to successful firings (©2019)
• Orton: Pyrometric cones FAQ
• Dawson: Kiln-Sitter Operating Manual, moodelada LT-3 iyo LT-3K
• L&L Kiln: Manual kiln operation with kiln sitters
• L&L Kiln: Orton firing tips
• L&L Kiln: Pyrometric cones
• L&L Kiln: DynaTrol controller manual
• L&L Kiln: The ceramic process
• Bracker's Good Earth Clays: Firing schedule for manual kilns
• Ceramics Monthly: Bisque Firing 101
• Ceramics Monthly: Tips and Tools: The Kiln Sitter
• Digitalfire: BQ1000 bisque firing schedule
• Digitalfire: PLC6DS cone 6 drop-and-soak schedule
• Digitalfire: C6DHSC cone 6 drop-and-hold slow-cool schedule
• Digitalfire: Bisque
• Glazy: Firing
• Skutt: Ceramic kilns, using the product
• Skutt: KilnMaster operating manual
• Boston University Environmental Health and Safety: Kiln awareness reminder
• Potclays: The difference between stoneware and earthenware
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric cone
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric device