Ukushisa ku-kiln elula

Ama-cone: akalani

Landela kuqala incwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln yakho. Lo mhlahlandlela uqoqa lokho okushicilelwa abenzi bama-cone nabenzi bama-kiln mayelana nama-kiln kagesi alula; awuthathi indawo yemiyalelo yemodeli yakho, futhi lapho kokubili kungavumelani khona, kuhamba incwadi yemiyalelo.

I-pyrometric cone iyiphiramidi encane, ezacile, eyenziwe ngempuphu ye-ceramic emisiwe. Uma isithole ukushisa okwanele, iyathamba bese igobela phansi ngendlela ephindekayo. Ubeka ama-cone ku-kiln (isithando sokushisa izitsha zobumba) eceleni kwezitsha, bese ufunda ukuthi agobe kangakanani.

Ama-cone akala i-heatwork (umsebenzi wokushisa), umphumela ohlangene wezinga lokushisa nesikhathi. Ngamazwi ka-Orton, umenzi omkhulu wama-cone e-US, "Ama-cone awakali izinga lokushisa lodwa." I-cone eshiswa kancane igoba ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kunaleyo eshiswa ngokushesha, futhi i-glaze yenza okufanayo. Ngakho u-Orton unikeza izinga lokushisa le-cone ngayinye ngesivinini sokushisa esishiwo kuma-100 °C (180 °F) okugcina okushisa. Uma i-cone iqala ukunyakaza, igoba ebangeni elincane, "ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-40° F" (22 °C).

Izinombolo zama-cone

Izinombolo zama-cone zisuka ku-022, epholile kakhulu, zize zifike ku-42. Uziro ongaphambili ukhombisa uchungechunge olupholile futhi ngesiNgisi ufundwa ngokuthi "oh": i-cone 06 ("oh-six") ipholile kune-cone 04, futhi i-cone 01 idinga ukushisa okuncane kune-cone 1. U-Orton uxwayisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukungaxubi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Igebe likhulu: i-cone 06 igoba ipholile ngaphezu kuka-220 °C (400 °F) kune-cone 6.

Abahlinzeki base-UK, eYurophu, e-Australia nase-New Zealand bavame ukunikeza izinga lokushisa ngo-°C esikhundleni se-cone: thola i-cone eseduze kakhulu eshadini elingezansi bese uyiqinisekisa nge-witness cone. Ama-cone e-Seger nawase-Staffordshire, uchungechunge oludala lwaseYurophu, akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi abelana ngezinombolo zika-Orton, ngakho lo mhlahlandlela usebenzisa ama-cone ka-Orton.

Ukubamba kwengeza i-heatwork

I-hold (ukubamba, ebizwa nangokuthi i-soak) igcina i-kiln ezingeni elilodwa lokushisa isikhashana. Ngoba ama-cone akala i-heatwork, ukubamba esiqongweni kungathatha indawo yesiqongo esishisa kakhulu. U-Orton unikeza lokhu okulinganayo cishe:

U-Orton wengeza ukuthi ukubamba amahora angu-1–2 "kungase kwanele ukugoba inombolo ye-cone elandelayo eshisa kakhulu".

Ngakho ukubamba akulokothi kube mahhala: uma wengeza ukubamba, lindela ukuthi ama-cone agobe kakhulu, bese wehlisa isiqongo ukuze kulingane.

Izinhlobo zama-cone

U-Orton wenza izinhlobo ezine. Ezimbili zima eshalofini ukukhombisa lokho izitsha ezikutholile; ezimbili ezase-kiln sitter.

Ubude bubalulekile: umehluko wamayintshi angu-¼ (6 mm) ebudeni be-cone enkulu "ungadala umehluko ongaphezu kwengxenye ye-cone ekugobeni". Ama-cone awoni futhi awagugi, futhi ukugcinwa endaweni enomswakama akuwathinti.

"I-cone 6" isho ukuthini empeleni

Ishadi linikeza i-cone 6 ezimele ngokwayo njengo-1222 °C (2232 °F), kodwa kuphela uma ama-100 °C (180 °F) okugcina ekhuphuka ngo-60 °C/h (108 °F/h). Uma ikhuphuka ngo-150 °C/h (270 °F/h), i-cone efanayo igoba ku-1243 °C (2269 °F). Ama-kiln angempela ahluka futhi: i-Digitalfire ibika ukuthi "Ama-kiln amaningi afinyelela ku-cone 6 ku-2200°F, hhayi ku-2232°F". Ngakho "i-cone 6" isho ukuthi izitsha zithole i-heatwork egoba i-cone 6, noma ngabe i-thermometer ibifundani ngaleso sikhathi.

Shisa ngokwe-cone, hhayi ngewashi noma ngedayela. Setha i-controller ngenombolo ye-cone, bese uvumela i-witness cone eshalofini iqinisekise konke ukushisa.

Ishadi lama-cone

Lezi zibalo zivela eshadini lama-cone lika-Orton (©2001) lama-cone azimele ngokwawo; ama-cone 11 kuya ku-14 avela emashadini u-Orton awashicilela manje, anikeza izibalo ezifanayo lapho egqagqana khona, futhi ama-cone 13 no-14 ngo-°C kuphela (u-°F wawo lapha uguquliwe). Khetha ikholomu efana nesivinini i-kiln yakho ekhuphuke ngaso kuma-100 °C (180 °F) okugcina. Umthetho ka-Orton olula yikholomu ka-150 °C/h (270 °F/h) yokushisa okusheshayo, ikholomu ka-60 °C/h (108 °F/h) yokuphakathi kanye nekholomu ka-15 °C/h (27 °F/h) yokushisa okuhamba kancane. Ukuze ubale isivinini, hlukanisa izinga lokushisa elikhuphukile ngamahora elikuthathile: i-kiln ekhuphuka ngo-500 °C (900 °F) emahoreni angu-3 ishisa cishe ngo-167 °C/h (300 °F/h).

Udeshi ukhombisa isibalo esingakopishwanga lapha; sibone eshadini eliphelele lika-Orton.

U-Orton wenza ama-cone aze afike ku-42 omsebenzi wokushisa okuphezulu, kodwa ushicilela amazinga okushisa kuphela aze afike ku-cone 14; ngama-cone ashisa kakhulu, amashadi akhe "ayatholakala (uma ucela)". Ishadi elidala lika-Orton, njengoba abenzi bama-kiln beliphinda belishicilele, linikeza i-cone 15 enkulu njengo-1431 °C (2608 °F) ku-150 °C/h (270 °F/h), futhi asitholanga sibalo esishicilelwe se-cone 16 noma ngaphezulu. Ngale kwe-cone 14, beka ama-witness cone bese uhamba ngawo, futhi uhlole ukuthi i-kiln yakho yenzelwe lokho kushisa.

Ama-cone amakhulu afunda emazingeni ambalwa kulezi zibalo: i-cone 6 enkulu ku-60 °C/h (108 °F/h) ingu-1220 °C (2228 °F). Ama-cone amancane, uhlobo olusetshenziswa ku-kiln sitter, abhalwe kuphela ku-300 °C/h (540 °F/h), ngakho ishadi linikeza i-cone 6 encane njengo-1255 °C (2291 °F). Lelo akulona izinga lokushisa i-sitter evala ngalo i-kiln. Umsebenzi we-cone ye-sitter ukufana ne-cone yeshalofu, futhi i-cone yeshalofu yiyo enezwi lokugcina.

Izixwayiso ezimbili. Incwajana ka-Orton ka-2019 inikeza i-cone 06 ngesivinini esisheshayo njengo-1024 °C (1875 °F), kodwa ishadi ne-FAQ ka-Orton kokubili kunikeza u-1013 °C (1855 °F), osetshenziswe lapha. Futhi ithebula lama-cone amakhulu ngemuva kwencwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln sitter ye-Dawson linamaphutha okukopisha (i-cone 5 ishisa kakhulu kune-cone 6), ngakho ungalisebenzisi.

Ukusetha i-cone pack

I-witness cone (i-cone yobufakazi) yi-cone ebekwe eshalofini eceleni kwezitsha, lapho ithola khona ukushisa okufanayo. U-Orton ucacile ngendima yayo: "Okuwukuphela kwesilinganiso seqiniso se-heatwork kuvela ku-cone Enkulu noma Ezimele ngokwayo ebekwe eshalofini eduze kwezitsha." I-kiln sitter ihlala eduze nodonga, futhi i-probe ye-controller noma ye-pyrometer ifunda izinga lokushisa eduze nodonga; i-witness cone ifunda lapho izimbiza zikhona.

I-cone pack ingama-witness cone amathathu abekwe ndawonye, ehlukene ngenombolo eyodwa:

Ama-cone azimele ngokwawo noma i-plaque

I-L&L, umenzi wama-kiln wase-US, incoma ama-cone azimele ngokwawo e-pack "ngoba alula kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa futhi anikeza imiphumela engaguquki kakhulu": ubude bawo nokuncika kwawo kwakhelwe kuwo.

Ama-cone amakhulu adinga i-plaque (isibambi esenziwe ngomumo) noma i-pat (isigaxa) sobumba oluthambile, olunezimbotshana, oluhlatshwe izimbobo ngepensela. Beka ngayinye kubonakala amayintshi angu-2 (51 mm) ncamashi, incike ngo-8° ukusuka ekumeni mpo ibheke ebusweni bayo bokugoba. Ukuze uthole lobo buso, misa i-cone ngesisekelo sayo endaweni eyisicaba, uyibambe ngesihloko bese uyiyeka: iwela ngasebusweni bokugoba.

Lapho ungabeka khona ama-pack

1. Beka i-pack "ekujuleni kwe-kiln, kodwa... ibonakala ngembobo yokulunguza" (Orton), eduze nenkaba yomthwalo futhi kude nomoya ovunguzayo (L&L). Hhayi khona ngasembotsheni yokulunguza: ama-cone kufanele azwe ukushisa izitsha ezikuzwayo.
2. Ngaphambi kokuvala isivalo, lunguza ngembobo yokulunguza bese uhlola ukuthi uyawabona yini wonke ama-cone amathathu.
3. Ku-kiln ene-sitter, gcina ishalofu le-pack okungenani iyintshi engu-1 (25 mm) ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kweshubhu ye-sitter, ukuze ishalofu elitsheleka lingakwazi ukuminyanisa i-sitter.
4. Ekushiseni kwakho kokuqala, beka i-pack emashalofini aphezulu, aphakathi naphansi. Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa kwe-L&L kuya phambili: ama-pack amabili ama-cone 07, 06 no-05 kuwo wonke amashalofu, eyodwa onqenqemeni neyodwa enkabeni.

Lindela umehluko: u-Orton uthi "Ngokuvamile, uzobona okungenani umehluko we-cone eyodwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi ku-kiln", futhi izindawo eziminyene zishisa zipholile. Ama-pack ongakwazi ukuwabona ngesikhathi sokushisa asanikeza irekhodi ngemuva kwalokho.

I-kiln sitter

I-kiln sitter iyiswishi yomshini, ngaphandle kwama-kiln amaningi alula nawakudala, evala i-kiln uma i-cone encane igoba. Eyaziwa kakhulu yi-Dawson Kiln-Sitter. Yenza ukushisa kube lula, kodwa iyinto yokwenza kube lula, hhayi into yokuphepha.

Isebenza kanjani

Ishubhu ye-porcelain ingena ku-kiln. Ekugcineni kwayo, i-cone encane noma i-bar ilala inqamula izisekelo ezimbili zensimbi, ngaphansi kwe-sensing rod (induku yokuzwa) ejikajika njengesi-seesaw. Ngaphandle kwe-kiln, elinye icala lenduku libambe isisindo ngenzipho encane. Uma i-cone ithamba futhi igoba cishe ku-90°, induku yehla ngokwanele ukuze idedele isisindo, isisindo siyawa, futhi ugesi oya kuma-element uyanqamuka.

Ama-cone amancane nama-bar "anikeza ukushisa okulinganayo". U-Orton uphawula ukuthi abaqalayo abaningi bakhetha ama-bar, ngoba isimo sawo esilinganayo senza kube lula ukuwabeka ngendlela efanayo njalo. I-cone encane iyancipha, ngakho lapho ihlala khona kubalulekile: uma ingxenye yayo encane ingaphansi kwenduku i-kiln ivala ipholile, futhi uma ingxenye yayo ewugqinsi ishisa kakhulu, umehluko "ongafika engxenyeni ye-cone (1/2 cone)".

Iyiphi i-cone engena ku-sitter

Imithombo ayivumelani. U-Dawson, owenza i-sitter, uthi sebenzisa inombolo efanayo ne-cone yokushisa eshalofini, futhi uye enombolweni eyodwa eshisa kakhulu kuphela uma i-cone yeshalofu ihlala ingagobile. I-L&L ithi sebenzisa inombolo eyodwa eshisa kakhulu kunama-cone eshalofu, ngoba i-sitter ihlala eduze nodonga nama-element, ithola ukushisa okwengeziwe, futhi ivame ukuvala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. U-Orton uqinisa umgomo: "I-cone yeshalofu ingumahluleli wokugcina wenqubo yokushisa, hhayi i-cone noma i-bar ye-Kiln-Sitter."

Indawo yethu yokuqala: faka i-cone encane yenombolo efanayo nenhloso yakho ku-sitter, ne-cone pack eshalofini. Uma i-cone yokushisa yeshalofu ingagobanga ngokwanele lapho i-kiln ivala, ngokuzayo yiya enombolweni eyodwa eshisa kakhulu ku-sitter, noma ubeke ingxenye ewugqinsi ye-cone ngaphansi kwenduku. Uma igobe ngokweqile, yenza okuphambene.

Ukuyisetha, nokuhlola ngaphambi kokushisa ngakunye

Inqubo ka-Dawson, ephinde isebenze njengokuhlola ngaphambi kokushisa ngakunye:

1. Cisha wonke amaswishi. Hlola ukuthi i-sensing rod inyakaza ngokukhululekile, ihlala phakathi nendawo eshubhwini futhi ayigobile noma ayigqwalile. Uma ivila, u-Dawson uthi shintsha yonke ingxenye yeshubhu.
2. Gcoba ungqimba oluncane lwe-kiln wash yokushisa okuphezulu (ungqimba oluvikelayo oluvimbela izinto ezincibilikile ukuthi zinamathele) ezisekelweni ze-cone nasenduku lapho ithinta khona i-cone. Ungalokothi ugcobe i-wash ku-cone noma eshubhwini ye-porcelain.
3. Layisha amashalofu nezitsha okungenani iyintshi engu-1 (25 mm) ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kweshubhu, ukuze kungabikho lutho olungayithinta, oluwela kuyo noma oluyivimba.
4. Phakamisa isisindo, cindezela inzipho phansi ku-trigger, bese ubeka i-cone noma i-bar ilale phansi ezisekelweni ibhekene nesinyathelo sensimbi, njengoba incwadi yemiyalelo ye-sitter yakho ikhombisa, ngendlela efanayo njalo. Phinda uyihlole ngaphambi kokuvala isivalo: "I-CONE NOMA I-BAR EBEKWE KABI INGADALA UKUSHISA NGOKWEQILE."
5. Setha i-limit timer bese uphusha i-plunger ize ikhiye. Gcina i-kiln ilinganile nendawo engaphansi kwesisindo ingenalutho, ukuze isisindo sikwazi ukuwa.

I-limit timer

Ama-sitter amaningi, kuhlanganise namamodeli e-LT ka-Dawson, ane-limit timer: iwashi elivala i-kiln ngemuva kwesikhathi esisethiwe, njengesekelo "uma kwenzeka i-KILN-SITTER yehluleka". Kufanele ihlale isethwe isikhathi eside kunalokho ukushisa okulindeleke ukukuthatha. Imithombo isetha isikhala ngokwehlukile:

Indawo yethu yokuqala: phana okokuqala (ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-20 edayela), bese kuba yihora elingu-½ kuya ku-1 ngaphezu kwesikhathi osibhalile. I-timer ikutshela nokuthi ukushisa kuthathe isikhathi esingakanani: isethwe ku-7 iphele ku-1 kusho amahora angu-6.

Uma ivala ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma sekwephuzile

Ngemuva kokushisa ngakunye, funda i-cone ye-sitter eceleni kwama-cone eshalofu.

Ukuze ahlole ukulungiswa, u-Dawson usebenzisa i-firing gauge ebamba induku lapho i-cone egobe ngokuphelele ibingayishiya khona; khona-ke kufanele kube nesikhala "se-1/16 yeyintshi" (cishe u-1.6 mm) enzipheni. Kuhlole njalo ngemuva kokushisa okungu-30. Umthetho we-Ceramics Monthly: uma i-kiln ivala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, hambisa i-trigger plate phezulu kancane; uma sekwephuzile, yihambise phansi kancane. Noma ngabe i-sitter yenzani, "Njalo themba ama-witness cone amakhulu kunama-cone amancane e-sitter."

I-sitter yakhelwe ukushisa "kuze kufike futhi kuhlanganise ne-Cone 8". Ayikwazi ukubamba izinga lokushisa noma ukupholisa kancane ngokwayo. Kodwa ngokuzijwayeza nencwadi yokubhala, ungakwazi "ukuba yi-controller", njengoba i-Digitalfire isho: buka ama-cone bese uphendula amaswishi ngesandla.

Ukufunda ama-cone

Ama-cone afundwa kabili: ngembobo yokulunguza ngesikhathi i-kiln ishisa, nasesandleni sakho uma isipholile.

Ngesikhathi sokushisa

I-peephole (imbobo yokulunguza) yimbobo encane edongeni lwe-kiln, evalwa ngesivimbo esikhipheka. Ungalokothi ulunguze ngaphandle kokuvikela amehlo. U-Orton uthi "Kufanele kusetshenziswe izibuko zabashiseli ukugwema ukulimala kwamehlo okungenzeka. Izibuko zelanga azinconywa." Izibuko zokushisela ze-shade 3, ezenzelwe i-infrared, yizo ezinconywa kakhulu; khetha ezimnyama kakhulu uma ubona amachashazi ngemuva kwalokho.

• I-guide cone iqala ukugoba kusho ukuthi ukuphela sekuseduze: buka ngokucophelela kusukela lapha.
• Uma i-cone isiqalile, ithatha imizuzu engu-15 kuya ku-25 ukugoba (incwajana entsha ka-Orton ithi engu-15 kuya ku-22), kancane ekuqaleni, bese ngokushesha uma isidlule phakathi, lapho iwashi likhomba u-3.
• I-firing cone iqedile uma isihloko sayo silingana nesisekelo sayo.

Ku-kiln yesandla, imbobo yokulunguza iwukuphela kwesibonakaliso sakho sesikhathi sangempela, yingakho i-pack kufanele ihlale lapho ungayibona khona.

Ngemuva kokushisa

U-Orton ufunda ukugoba njengobuso bewashi. I-cone engagobile ikhomba phezulu, ku-12; i-cone ethinta ishalofu iku-6. Iphuzu lokugcina ukugoba okungu-90°, isihloko silingana nesisekelo: iphuzu lapho amazinga okushisa eshadi alinganiswa khona, futhi u-Orton ubala i-cone noma kuphi kusukela ku-5 kuya ku-6 ewashini njengeshiswe kahle. Phakathi kuka-4 ewashini nokuthinta ishalofu umehluko mncane, "ngokuvamile amazinga angu-1 noma angu-2".

Ukulungisa ngokuzayo

I-cone offset isilungiselelo se-controller esihambisa izinga layo lokushisa le-cone phezulu noma phansi ukuze lifane nalokho ama-witness cone akho akukhombisayo. Gcina yonke i-pack eshisiwe futhi ubhale ukuthi ngayinye igobe kanjani (bona Ngemuva kokushisa, ngezansi).

Ukushisa i-bisque

Ukushisa kwe-bisque (i-biscuit e-UK) ukushisa kokuqala, okuphansi, okuguqula ubumba olomile lube izitsha eziqinile, ezinezimbotshana, ezilungele i-glaze. Ngokuvamile kushiswa ku-cone 06–04, 998–1063 °C (1828–1945 °F) eshadini lika-Orton; ababumbi base-UK bavame ukushisa cishe ku-1000 °C (1832 °F), eduze ne-cone 06. I-bisque kufanele ihlale inezimbotshana, "ngokuvamile ngaphezu kuka-15%" (Digitalfire), ukuze imunce amanzi ku-glaze. I-bisque ethambe kakhulu ithatha i-glaze ibe wugqinsi kakhulu, bese iqhekeka futhi i-crawl (ihoxe yenze iziqhingi, ishiye ubumba olungembozwe). I-bisque engashiswanga ngokwanele nayo "iqhubeka nokuncipha ngesikhathi sokushisa i-glaze", okonakalisa ukufaneleka kwe-glaze. Ukulayisha kuyaxolela: izingcezu zingathintana, iziciko zingashiswa phezu kwezimbiza zazo, futhi izitsha zibekwa umlomo kuya emlonyeni esikhundleni sokufakwa enye phakathi kwenye.

Kungani ingxenye yokuqala ihamba kancane

Amanzi akhula ngaphezu kokuphindwe kayinkulungwane uma eguquka abe ngumusi, ngakho izitsha ezimanzi kufanele zomiswe kancane. I-L&L no-Orton beluleka ukuthi "Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kuka-1500°F (815°C) ukushisa umzimba ngokulinganayo", nokuthi i-carbon kufanele ishiswe iphele ngaphambi kuka-650 °C (1200 °F). Ngaphezu kuka-816 °C (1500 °F) i-kiln ingakhuphuka ngokushesha.

I-quartz inversion wushintsho olungazelele losayizi we-silica esebumbeni ku-573 °C (1063 °F): iyakhula lapho kukhuphuka futhi iyancipha lapho kwehla. I-Slow Bisque ye-L&L ihamba kancane kuyo, phakathi kuka-538 °C (1000 °F) no-593 °C (1100 °F). I-Digitalfire ithole lokhu "kungadingeki ekushiseni i-bisque", futhi i-Ceramics Monthly ithi kubalulekile ikakhulukazi uma kupholiswa izitsha eziminyene. Ukuhamba kancane kubiza kancane, ngakho isiphakamiso sethu ukukugcinela izingcezu eziwugqinsi.

I-candling: ukomisa ku-kiln

I-candling isho ukubamba i-kiln ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, isivalo sivulwe kancane noma i-vent isebenza, kuze kuphume umswakama wokugcina ezitsheni. Imithombo ayivumelani ngezinga lokushisa:

Indawo yethu yokuqala: khuphuka kancane kuze kube okungeqile cishe ku-121 °C (250 °F), bese ubamba kuze kube yilapho isibuko esisemlonyeni we-vent sihlala sicwebile. Bamba ubusuku bonke ezitsheni eziwugqinsi noma ezimanzi.

Ukuhlolwa ngesibuko: bamba isibuko esisezingeni lokushisa legumbi embotsheni ye-vent noma esikhaleni esingaphansi kwesivalo esivulwe kancane. Uma siba nenkungu, amanzi asaphuma; linda, bese uphinda uhlole.

Izinhlelo ze-controller

I-controller iyunithi ye-elekthronikhi eshisa i-kiln ngokwe-schedule (uhlelo lokushisa): uhlu lwama-segment, ngayinye inesivinini sokukhuphuka (i-ramp), izinga lokushisa okuhlosiwe nokubamba okungakhethwa. Ngezansi kunezinhlelo ezimbili ezisethwe ngaphambili zama-controller e-DynaTrol ne-Bartlett e-L&L, kanye nohlelo olushicilelwe yi-Digitalfire. "Isiqongo" yizinga lokushisa le-controller ngokwayo le-cone oyikhethayo: ku-cone 04 ingu-1052 °C (1926 °F), naku-cone 06, ingu-993 °C (1819 °F).

Izikhathi ze-L&L "ezama-kiln angenalutho asheshayo kakhulu"; i-kiln elayishiwe ingathatha isikhathi esiphindwe kane ubude, futhi noma yikuphi ukubamba okwengezayo kuyi-heatwork eyengeziwe izinhlelo ezisethiwe ezingayibali. I-L&L yeluleka i-Slow Bisque, ne-preheat yamahora angu-2–3 noma ngaphezulu, ezingcezwini ezinkulu noma ezimanzi, futhi ixwayisa ngokushisa ngokushesha, "okungadala amaphutha afana nezimbotshana (pinholes), ukuqhekeka, nokusha okunganele".

I-BQ1000 ithatha cishe amahora angu-7 nemizuzu engu-44. Umbhali wayo uthola ukuthi kuze kufike ku-278 °C/h (500 °F/h) kulungile ezitsheni ezincane, ezomile, futhi wehlisa isivinini sesinyathelo sokugcina ukuze alinganise izinga lokushisa kuwo wonke umthwalo.

Ama-cone e-controller neshadi lika-Orton

Ama-controller e-L&L ne-Bartlett asebenzisa u-1052 °C (1926 °F) ku-cone 04 no-993 °C (1819 °F) ku-cone 06, ngaphansi kancane kuka-Orton ongu-1063 °C (1945 °F) no-998 °C (1828 °F); ayavumelana ku-cone 6 naku-cone 10. Ama-witness cone axazulula umehluko: uma engavumelani ne-controller, yilungise nge-cone offset.

Ku-kiln yesandla

I-kiln yesandla ilandela uhlelo olufanayo ngesandla: omisa kancane isivalo sivulwe kancane nezimbobo zokulunguza zivuliwe, khuphula amaswishi ukusuka ku-Phansi (Low) kuya ku-Phakathi (Medium) kuya ku-Phezulu (High), bese uvumela i-sitter iqede ukushisa. Izinqubo ezishicilelwe zingaphansi kwesithi Ama-kiln esandla ngokuningiliziwe, ngezansi.

Ukushisa i-glaze

Ukushisa i-glaze kuncibilikisa i-glaze ibe yingilazi phezu kwe-bisque. Abaqalayo abaningi bashisa ama-glaze okushisa okuphansi ku-cone 06–04 noma ama-glaze okushisa okuphakathi ku-cone 5–6. Shisa ku-cone ebhalwe kumalebula obumba nawe-glaze yakho, ne-cone pack ezungeze leyo nombolo. Ngokwenzekayo ngaphakathi kwe-glaze njengoba incibilika, bona Izisekelo ze-glaze.

Ukulayisha ukushisa i-glaze

• Izingcezu ezine-glaze akumele zithintane noma zithinte izindonga: shiya cishe iyintshi engu-½ (13 mm).
• Gcina i-glaze ingekho onyaweni (dry-footing), noma ubeke izitsha zokushisa okuphansi phezu kwama-stilt, izitendi ezincane ezinezihloko. I-stoneware ne-porcelain akufanele kume phezu kwama-stilt, angena kuzo kulawo mazinga okushisa; sebenzisa i-kiln wash yokushisa okuphezulu noma isihlabathi se-silica esikhundleni salokho.
• Shiya okungenani iyintshi engu-1 (25 mm) phakathi konqenqema lwamashalofu nodonga noma i-sitter.

Izinhlelo ze-controller

I-Slow Glaze iyinketho ephephe kakhulu, uma kubhekwa isixwayiso se-L&L ngokushisa ngokushesha. Uma wengeza ukubamba okungaphezu kwemizuzu engu-5–10 esiqongweni, i-L&L ithi yehlisa okuhlosiwe noma i-cone offset ukuze kulingane, futhi iphawula ukuthi "Ukubamba emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kusheshisa ukuguga kwama-element ne-thermocouple."

I-cone 6: drop-and-hold

Ama-glaze okushisa okuphakathi kwesinye isikhathi aphuma ane-pinholes (izimbotshana ezincane ebusweni) noma amabhamuza, ashiywe yigesi ephuma ngamagwebu ekuncibilikeni. Uhlelo lwe-drop-and-hold (yehlisa ubambe) lushisa luze lufike phezulu, lupholise ngokushesha cishe ngo-56 °C (100 °F) bese lubamba lapho. Ngamazwi e-Digitalfire, "Ukwehla ngo-100°F nokubamba kunika okuncibilikile ubukhuni obanele ukuqhumisa amagwebu kodwa kusabavumela ukuthi aphole."

I-PLC6DS ithatha cishe amahora angu-9 nemizuzu engu-36. Kuma-glaze agobhoza kakhulu, i-Digitalfire yehlisa cishe ngo-111 °C (200 °F) esikhundleni salokho; ukwehlisa kakhulu "kuba sengozini yokwakheka kwamakristalu ngesikhathi sokubamba". Isiqongo sayo esingu-1204 °C (2200 °F) singaphansi kwesishadi esingu-1222 °C (2232 °F) se-cone 6; i-Digitalfire ibika ukuthi ama-kiln amaningi afinyelela ku-cone 6 cishe ku-1204 °C (2200 °F). Kuhlole nge-cone pack ku-kiln yakho.

Ukupholisa kancane

Ukupholisa kancane kusho ukuthi i-controller ipholisa i-kiln ngesivinini esisethiwe esikhundleni sokuyiyeka yehle ngokukhululekile. I-C6DHSC ye-Digitalfire yi-PLC6DS elandelwa ukupholisa ngo-83 °C/h (150 °F/h) kusukela ku-1148 °C (2100 °F) kuze kufike ku-760 °C (1400 °F), bese icishwa. "Ithuthukisa ukucwebezela nekhwalithi yobuso" futhi isiza ama-rutile blue, kodwa ukupholisa kancane "kungandisa ukungacwebezeli (matteness)" (enye i-glaze engacwebezeli yaba yomile) futhi kungafinyeza impilo yama-relay e-kiln. I-L&L nayo ithumela uhlelo lokupholisa kancane lwe-cone 6:

Ama-controller e-Skutt nawo anikeza i-preheat nenketho yokupholisa yesinyathelo esisodwa.

Ku-kiln yesandla

I-kiln yesandla ayikwazi ukulandela lezi zinhlelo ncamashi, kodwa uhlelo luyafana: ngobumnene ekuqaleni, kuzinzile phakathi, nokuphela okubhekiwe. Uhlelo lwe-glaze lokushisa okuphansi lwe-Bracker's lungaphansi kwesithi Ama-kiln esandla ngokuningiliziwe, ngezansi; kuma-cone ashisa kakhulu lwengeza "isilinganiso semizuzu engu-15–30 ngenombolo ye-cone ngayinye". Nge-pyrometer, ukuzijwayeza nencwadi yokubhala, ungakopisha cishe i-drop-and-hold noma ukupholisa kancane ngokwehlisa amaswishi ngesandla, njengoba i-Digitalfire iphakamisa.

Ama-kiln esandla ngokuningiliziwe

Amaswishi asebenza kanjani

Ama-kiln amadala (i-L&L ithi ikakhulukazi lawo enziwa ngaphambi kuka-1975) anamaswishi anezindawo ezine: Off (Kucishiwe), Phansi (Low), Phakathi (Medium) naPhezulu (High), kungekho lutho phakathi. Ama-kiln akamuva asebenzisa ama-infinite switch, amakwe ngokuthi Off, bese u-1 kuya ku-11, bese u-High kuma-kiln e-L&L. I-infinite switch ayithumeli ugesi omncane. Ivula ama-element ngokugcwele futhi iwacime ngomjikelezo ophindaphindwayo: ku-Phansi, kusho i-L&L, "angase avuleke cishe imizuzwana engu-7, futhi acime imizuzwana engu-23 emjikelezweni wemizuzwana engu-30". Uma isilungiselelo siphezulu, ahlala evuliwe isikhathi eside, futhi ku-Phezulu avuliwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinombolo aziwona amaphesenti aqondile, ngakho funda i-kiln yakho ngama-cone namarekhodi.

Inqubo evamile ye-L&L

Inqubo ephakanyiswa yi-L&L ye-kiln enamaswishi amathathu, i-sitter futhi engenayo i-vent:

Izinhlelo ze-Bracker's

I-Bracker's Good Earth Clays, umhlinzeki wobumba wase-US, ishicilela lezi zama-kiln esandla angenayo i-vent:

I-Bracker's ayisho ukuthi i-cone ye-sitter ye-bisque yayo ifana nayiphi i-cone yeshalofu, ngakho hlola nge-cone pack yakho. Nge-downdraft vent, izinyathelo ziyafana, kodwa i-vent isebenza ukushisa konke nokupholisa, futhi isivalo sihlala sivaliwe. I-Bracker's iphinde iphakamise ukulandelanisa: khuphula amaswishi ngayinye ngayinye, cishe ngemizuzu engu-30 phakathi.

Uvala nini isivalo futhi uvimbe izimbobo zokulunguza

Indawo yethu yokuqala: vala isivalo uma isibuko esibanjwe esikhaleni singasabi nenkungu, futhi lapho kubomvu kancane vimba zonke izimbobo zokulunguza ngaphandle kweyiphezulu, ehlala ivuliwe ukushisa konke.

Ukulinganisa phezulu naphansi

Uma ama-cone pack akho ekhombisa ukuthi ingezansi ishisa ipholile kuneyiphezulu, u-Orton uphakamisa ukuqala ngeswishi engezansi ku-Phakathi bese ezinye ku-Phansi, bese uphendulela engezansi ku-Phezulu kuqala. Noma shiya iswishi ephezulu icishiwe kuze kube yilapho ezinye zifika ku-Phakathi, bese ukhuphula ephezulu isinyathelo esisodwa ngemuva kwazo, uyibambe ku-Phakathi cishe ihora ngemuva kokuba ezinye ziye ku-Phezulu. Izindawo ezilayishwe ziminyene zishisa zipholile, futhi imithwalo esindayo ithatha isikhathi eside.

Indawo yokuqala ye-kiln yakho

Uma i-kiln yakho yeza ingenayo imiyalelo, ithebula elingezansi liyindawo yokuqala esiyihlanganise ezinqubweni ezishicilelwe ezingenhla. Akulona uhlelo olushicilelwe. Lilinganise ngama-witness cone bese ulilungisa ngokwamarekhodi akho; yelula isigaba ngasinye emithwalweni esindayo noma ezitsheni eziwugqinsi.

Uma i-sitter ivala ngaphambi kokuba ama-cone eshalofu awe, ngokuzayo yiya ku-cone eyodwa eshisa kakhulu ku-sitter, njengoba i-L&L yeluleka.

Ukusebenzisa i-pyrometer

I-pyrometer yisilinganiso sokushisa esifundwa ku-thermocouple, i-probe yokushisa edlula odongeni lwe-kiln. Ikhombisa ukuthi i-kiln ikhuphuka ngokushesha kangakanani, ukuze ukhethe ikholomu efanele yeshadi lama-cone. Kodwa ifunda eduze nodonga, hhayi ezitsheni, futhi iyaphambuka. I-L&L iphawula ukuthi i-thermocouple yohlobo K ingaphambuka ngaphezu kuka-14 °C (25 °F) ngemuva kokushisa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-cone 6, "umehluko omkhulu kune-cone ephelele", kanti i-cone ezimele ngokwayo yehluka okungeqile ku-2 °C (4 °F). U-Orton uthi ama-pyrometer adinga ukulinganiswa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ama-cone yiwo indlela yokuwahlola.

Ukuphuma komoya, ukulunguza nokuphepha

Ukuphuma komoya

Ekuqaleni kokushisa, ubumba ne-glaze kukhipha umhwamuko wamanzi nentuthu, kuhlanganise ne-carbon monoxide, futhi ama-glaze angakhipha intuthu enoshevu nangemuva ekushiseni. I-L&L ithi ukuyikhipha "kubalulekile kakhulu". Uma ingekho i-vent, lokho kusho ukuthi isivalo sivulwe kancane nezimbobo zokulunguza zivuliwe ezigabeni zokuqala, njengasezinqubweni ezingenhla; ukwehlisa ukushisa ngalesi sikhathi nakho kusiza i-carbon ukuthi ishe iphele. Ku-kiln engenayo i-vent, u-Dawson, owenza i-sitter, uthi futhi shiya imbobo yokulunguza ephezulu ivuliwe ukushisa konke: ukuphuma komoya "kuzonciphisa ukonakala kwezingxenye zensimbi ze-kiln futhi kwandise impilo yengxenye yeshubhu". I-downdraft vent (i-vent esebenza ngogesi efakwe ku-kiln) iyakushintsha lokhu. Yiyo ekhipha umoya, ngakho u-Orton uthi isivalo nezimbobo zokulunguza zihlala zivaliwe ukushisa konke ngaphandle kokuhlola ama-cone, futhi i-L&L ithi shiya i-vent ivuliwe bese uvimba izimbobo zokulunguza.

Ngokukhipha umoya egumbini, nangama-alamu e-carbon monoxide, bona Ukuxuba ngokuphepha nomoya ohlanzekile kanye Ungawadliseli ushevu umndeni wakho.

Ngesikhathi i-kiln ishisa

• Lunguza ngembobo yokulunguza kuphela ngezibuko zokushisela ze-shade 3 ezenzelwe i-IR; izibuko zelanga azanele. I-Skutt yeluleka ukusonta izivimbo endaweni yazo ukuze zingawi.
• Hlala eduze futhi uhlole i-kiln ngesikhathi ishisa, ikakhulukazi eduze nesikhathi sayo esilindelekile sokuqeda; i-sitter ayiyona into engehluleki. Shisa kuphela uma umuntu omdala ezoba sekhaya futhi ephapheme ukushisa konke.
• Ungalokothi ushise phezu noma eduze kwanoma yini evuthayo, njengephansi lokhuni noma ukhaphethi.
• Gcina izikhala ezisencwadini yakho yemiyalelo. Izibalo ezishicilelwe zisuka kumayintshi angu-12 (30 cm) kuya kumafidi angu-3 (91 cm); lapho incwadi yemiyalelo ingasho lutho, amayintshi angu-18 (46 cm) ukusuka ezindongeni namafidi angu-3 (91 cm) ukusuka kunoma yini evuthayo kuyinketho ephephe kakhulu.
• Gcina indawo ezungeze isisindo se-sitter ingenalutho ukuze sikwazi ukuwa.
• Uma ukushisa kuphela, cisha amaswishi futhi ucishe ne-breaker.

Ukupholisa nokukhipha

Ukupholisa kuyingxenye yokushisa. I-L&L no-Orton beluleka: "Vumela i-kiln iphole ngokwemvelo isivalo sivaliwe", futhi "Ungalokothi ufake umoya opholile ku-kiln eshisayo." Ukuvula ngaphambi kwesikhathi "kungadala ukuqhekeka", futhi i-silica esezitsheni iyancipha ngokuzumayo njengoba ipholela ngale kuka-573 °C (1063 °F). Uma ingekho i-controller, gcina i-kiln ivaliwe "kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lehla kakhulu ngaphansi kokushisa okubomvu (900°F / 482°C)", futhi okungenani amahora angu-8. Ungalokothi uphoqe ukupholisa i-kiln esakhanya. Imifantu enemiphetho ebukhali ezitsheni ezishisiwe iwuphawu lokupholisa ngokushesha kakhulu.

Uvula nini futhi ukhiphe

Isiphakamiso sethu: vula isivalo kuphela ngaphansi kuka-93 °C (200 °F) cishe, futhi ukhiphe ngaphansi kuka-52 °C (125 °F) cishe, noma uma ungabamba izitsha kahle ngezandla ezingenalutho. Imithwalo ye-glaze, eminyene futhi efana nengilazi, idinga ukubekezela okwengeziwe kune-bisque. Uma ungenayo i-pyrometer, linda kuze kube yilapho i-kiln iphole ngokuphelele.

Funda ama-witness cone ngokushesha nje uma uvula i-kiln, ngaphambi kokuba kuhanjiswe lutho, futhi ubhale lokho okubonayo kusesekusha.

Ngemuva kokushisa

Kubhale

Bhala ukushisa ngakunye: usuku, i-kiln, umthwalo, uhlelo noma izikhathi zamaswishi, lokho i-timer ekufundayo, nokuthi i-witness cone ngayinye ne-cone ye-sitter kugobe kanjani, ishalofu ngeshalofu. Gcina nama-cone ashisiwe. U-Orton uphawula ukuthi "Ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yokushisa okungu-6 kuya ku-10 kokugcina kuzokhombisa izinguquko ezenzeka kancane ku-kiln, njengokuguga kwama-element okushisa." Ama-rekhodi okushisa e-Glazecalc angagcina lawa marekhodi, anamakholomu owakhethayo njengesikhathi, izinga lokushisa, i-cone, i-ramp nokubamba; imiphumela ye-glaze ingaya emanothini akho.

Ukunakekela i-kiln sitter

• Hlanza izisekelo ze-cone "ngemuva kokushisa ngakunye ngebhulashi elincane lensimbi". Uma i-wash noma i-cone encibilikile ingaphumi, jika izisekelo noma uzishintshe; u-Dawson uphakamisa ukugcina amapheya amabili.
• "UNGALOKOTHI USEBENZISE IZINTO ZOKUGCOBA (LUBRICANTS) ZANOMA YILUPHI UHLOBO KU-KILN-SITTER."
• Hlola i-pivot njalo ezinyangeni ezingu-6–12, futhi ushintshe induku egobile noma eguguleyo.
• Hlola ukulungiswa nge-firing gauge njalo ngemuva kokushisa okungu-30.

Amashalofu ne-kiln wash

I-kiln wash (ungqimba oluvikelayo olugcotshwa emashalofini) ivikela amashalofu ku-glaze econsayo futhi ivumela izimbiza ezishisiwe ziphakamiseke. Yigcobe phezulu eshalofini ngalinye naphansi kwe-kiln kuphela, "cishe ubukhulu bekhadi leposi". Umkhuba ongcono kakhulu we-L&L yizingqimba ezintathu ezincane, kushiswe phakathi kwezingqimba uma kungenzeka. Ababumbi abaningi baphinde babeke izingcezu ezinama-glaze agobhozayo phezu kwe-cookie, idiski ye-bisque ebamba amaconsi. Lokhu kungumkhuba ovamile, nakuba singatholanga seluleko somenzi we-kiln ngakho.

Ama-element

Ama-element ayaguga: ungqimba lwe-oxide luyakhula, kugeleza ugesi omncane, futhi ukushisa kuhamba kancane. Ukubamba isikhathi eside ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kuguga ama-element ne-thermocouple ngokushesha. I-Skutt yeluleka ukushisa kokuhlola kwe-kiln entsha noma elungisiwe, ukuze ama-element akhe ungqimba lwe-oxide oluvikelayo. Landela imiyalelo yomenzi wakho yokuhlola nokushintsha ama-element.

Izindandatho nama-bar

Imboni yaseBrithani isebenzise nezinye izinkomba ezimbili ze-heatwork. Ama-Bullers ring angamadiski ayisicaba ancipha ngokulingana ne-heatwork futhi alinganiswa nge-gauge ngemuva kokushisa. Ama-Holdcroft bar, kusukela ngo-1898, ayatshekela phakathi phezu kwezisekelo ezimbili, umqondo ongemuva kwe-bar ye-kiln sitter. Asitholanga thebula eliguqula noma yiluphi lwazo lube yizinombolo zama-cone ka-Orton, ngakho lo mhlahlandlela usebenzisa ama-cone ka-Orton; sihlela ukuxoxa ngezindandatho nama-bar enguqulweni ezayo.

Imithombo

• Orton: Using Orton Pyrometric Cones (cone chart, ©2001)
• Orton: Cones and Firing, a practical guide to successful firings (©2019)
• Orton: Pyrometric cones FAQ
• Dawson: Kiln-Sitter Operating Manual, models LT-3 and LT-3K
• L&L Kiln: Manual kiln operation with kiln sitters
• L&L Kiln: Orton firing tips
• L&L Kiln: Pyrometric cones
• L&L Kiln: DynaTrol controller manual
• L&L Kiln: The ceramic process
• Bracker's Good Earth Clays: Firing schedule for manual kilns
• Ceramics Monthly: Bisque Firing 101
• Ceramics Monthly: Tips and Tools: The Kiln Sitter
• Digitalfire: BQ1000 bisque firing schedule
• Digitalfire: PLC6DS cone 6 drop-and-soak schedule
• Digitalfire: C6DHSC cone 6 drop-and-hold slow-cool schedule
• Digitalfire: Bisque
• Glazy: Firing
• Skutt: Ceramic kilns, using the product
• Skutt: KilnMaster operating manual
• Boston University Environmental Health and Safety: Kiln awareness reminder
• Potclays: The difference between stoneware and earthenware
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric cone
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric device