Ungawadliseli ushevu umndeni wakho

Uma kugwinywe okuthile

Uma ingane noma isilwane sasekhaya kungenzeka sigwinyile, sihogele noma sachitheka okokwakha kwe-glaze, shayela manje inombolo yezinkinga zoshevu yesifunda sakho, ngisho noma sibonakala siphilile. Ungalindi izimpawu. Uma umuntu equlekile, engaphefumuli, ephefumula kanzima noma enesifo sokuwa (seizure), qala ushayele inombolo yezimo eziphuthumayo.

Lo mhlahlandlela awusona iseluleko sezempilo: isikhungo soshevu, udokotela noma udokotela wezilwane yibo abanquma okufanele kwenziwe. Leli khasi likusiza ukuthi ubafinyelele ngokushesha, futhi okungcono nakakhulu, ukuthi ungabadingi.

Sikweluleka ukuthi ulondoloze izinombolo zesifunda sakho efonini yakho namuhla, nasekhadini elingaphakathi komnyango we-studio.

Okufanele ube nakho uma ushayela

• Igama lokokwakha njengoba libhalwe kanjalo esikhwameni noma ebhakedeni, nelebula yakho noma ishidi lemininingwane yokuphepha (i-SDS: ishidi lomhlinzeki elichaza izingozi zokokwakha nosizo lokuqala). Isithombe sesikhwama siyasebenza.
• Uma kuyi-glaze exutshiwe, iresiphi yayo. Iresiphi yakho ye-Glazecalc iwuhlu lwezithako ze-glaze.
• Cishe kungakanani, nokuthi nini.
• Kanjani: kugwinyiwe, kuhogelwe, kusesikhumbeni noma emehlweni.
• Noma yiziphi izimpawu kuze kube manje.
• Isisindo esilinganiselwayo sengane noma sesilwane, ngoba inani elifanayo libaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni omncane. Esilwaneni, futhi uhlobo lwaso, iminyaka yaso nanoma yiziphi izinkinga zempilo.

Okungafanele ukwenze

Uma uya esibhedlela, i-NHS ithi thatha iphakethe noma isampula uma kuphephile ukwenza lokho. Kokokwakha kwe-glaze, lokho kusho ilebula yesikhwama noma ishidi lemininingwane yokuphepha.

Yini eyingozi kakhulu ukuyigwinya

Okokwakha kwe-glaze kungalimaza umndeni ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene:

• Ingozi esheshayo (ukulimala ngomthamo owodwa, emahoreni ambalwa) ukugwinya okokwakha okuncibilikayo, okuncibilika emanzini noma e-asidi yesisu. Ukugcina okokwakha kukhiyiwe nezinombolo ezingenhla yikho okubhekana nayo.
• Ingozi yesikhathi eside (ukulimala ngemithamo eminingi emincane) uthuli, ikakhulukazi lwe-silica nolomthofu (lead, Pb), olungabangeli zimpawu ekuqaleni futhi oluhamba nezingubo luye ekhaya. Imikhuba yokuhlanzeka yiyo ebhekana nayo.

Iningi le-glaze yi-silica, i-kaolin ne-feldspar, ezingancibiliki cishe nhlobo. Sizithatha njengengozi yokuphefumula yesikhathi eside kunesimo esiphuthumayo sokugwinya. Okokwakha okuncibilikayo okungezansi yikho okufanele ukukhiye kuqala.

La manani ayingozi asukela emakhulwini ambalwa ama-milligram kuya kuma-gram ambalwa. Okokwakha kwe-glaze kudayiswa ngephawundi noma ngekhilogremu, ngakho isikhwama esisodwa esivuliwe noma ibhakede kuqukethe okuningi kakhulu kunalokho okwanele ukulimaza ingane esaqala ukuhamba.

Okokufaka umbala nomthofu

Okokufaka umbala yi-oxide zensimbi nama-stain okunika i-glaze umbala wayo: i-copper, i-cobalt, i-chrome, i-manganese, i-nickel, ama-stain e-cadmium-selenium nokunye. Ikhasi lokuphepha kokubumba lenyuvesi libala umthofu (lead, Pb), i-cadmium, i-cobalt ne-chromium phakathi kwezithako ze-glaze eziyingozi kakhulu. Asitholanga mananani athembekile omthamo wanoma yikuphi okokufaka umbala, ngakho shayela noma ngabe kungakanani. Ibhakede le-glaze exutshiwe liqukethe okokwakha okufanayo nezikhwama ezivela kuzo, kuphela kumanzi.

Ingozi enkulu yomthofu (Pb) ihlukile: akusona isipuni esisodwa, kodwa inani elincane lothuli eligwinywa emasontweni noma ezinyangeni, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokuxwayisa (bheka Umthofu nezingane, ngezansi).

Ukugcina okokwakha ekhaya

Ayikho inhlangano esemthethweni ebeka imithetho yokugcina okokwakha kwe-glaze ekhaya, kodwa amakhasi ezempilo nokuphepha ayavumelana: gcina umsebenzi endaweni yawo, kude nezingane. Umnyango wezempilo wase-Pennsylvania, ubhala ngemisebenzi yokuzilibazisa esebenzisa umthofu (lead, Pb), uthi "Sebenzisa indawo yokusebenza ekhethiwe noma igaraji ngomsebenzi wakho wokuzilibazisa futhi ugcine izingane kude nale ndawo."

Uhlu lokuhlola lokugcina

Le yimithetho evamile yokuvimbela ushevu esetshenziswa ku-glaze. Alikho izinga lokubumba elibeka yona, kodwa sikweluleka ukuthi uyilandele yonke:

• Gcina okokwakha okomile kukhiyiwe: ekhabetheni, noma egumbini, egaraji noma eshede elikhiywayo. Ishalofu eliphezulu liyasiza, kodwa izingane ziyagibela. Uma ungakwazi ukukhiya izinto ezimbalwa kuphela ekuqaleni, qala ngokokwakha okuncibilikayo nokokufaka umbala.
• Gcina okokwakha ezikhwameni noma emathini akho okuqala. Uma usisa okukodwa kwesinye isitsha, sibhale ilebula ngegama njengoba libhalwe kanjalo esikhwameni.
• Ungalokothi usebenzise izitsha zokudla noma zeziphuzo (amathini e-yogurt, izimbiza zengilazi, amabhodlela) zokokwakha kwe-glaze, ngisho noma zinelebula. Ingane iyazi ukuthi ithini le-yogurt liqukethe ini.
• Gcina amathuluzi e-studio (izikopo, izipuni, ama-whisk, izihlungo, izikali) e-studio. Ungalokothi usebenzise amathuluzi asekhishini ku-glaze, noma amathuluzi e-glaze ekudleni.
• Gcina ama-glaze amanzi emabhakedeni anelebula avalwe ngeziciko.
• Gcina ishidi lemininingwane yokuphepha lokokwakha ngakunye nakho, ephepheni noma efonini yakho.
• Ungagcini lutho lwase-studio ekhishini: azikho izikhwama, amabhakede, amathuluzi noma ama-test tile.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngokuthenga nokugcina okokwakha, bheka Indlela yokwenza i-glaze.

Imfucuza ye-glaze namanzi okugeza

Ungalokothi uthele i-glaze, noma amanzi ogeze kuwo amathuluzi e-glaze, osinkini noma engadini. I-Crafts Council yase-UK iphakamisa ibhakede lamanzi elihlukile lokugeza izandla, amabhulashi, izihlungo namathuluzi. Liyeke lizinze ubusuku bonke, uthele amanzi acwebile, bese womisa i-glaze ezinzile uyifake kudoti (iya endaweni yokulahla udoti), ungalokothi uyithele emseleni.

Sikweluleka ukuthi lelo bhakede libe nesiciko: udaka luqukethe izinsimbi ezifanayo ne-glaze, futhi izilwane zasekhaya ziphuza amanzi ame ndawonye. Imithetho yokulahla iyahlukahluka ngezindawo, ngakho hlola ishidi lemininingwane yokuphepha lomkhiqizo ngamunye, futhi ubuze umasipala wakho noma inkampani yamanzi uma ungaqiniseki.

Ukugcina uthuli e-studio

Umnyango wezempilo wase-Pennsylvania uchaza inkinga ngokucacile: "Uthuli olungcoliswe umthofu (lead, Pb) oluvela emsebenzini wakho wokuzilibazisa lunganamathela ezingutsheni zakho, ezicathulweni, ezinweleni, esikhumbeni nasezintweni zakho, futhi ludlulele kalula emotweni yakho nasezindaweni zasekhaya lakho." I-CDC yengeza ukuthi abantu abadala "bangase balethe umthofu ekhaya futhi bachaye imindeni yabo emthofwini bengazi." Iseluleko sase-Pennsylvania sinikeza ikhambi:

• Geza izandla zakho ngaphambi kokudla.
• Khumula izingubo nezicathulo zakho ze-studio ngaphambi kokungena endlini.
• Geza izingubo ze-studio ngokwehlukana nokuwashwa komndeni.
• Hlanza indlu nemoto ngomshini wokuhlanza ngokumunca (vacuum) njalo nge-vacuum ye-HEPA (enesihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu esibamba uthuli oluncane).

Imithetho yasekhaya esiyiphakamisayo

• Akukho msebenzi wobumba noma we-glaze etafuleni lasekhishini noma lokudlela, ngisho nomsebenzi osheshayo.
• Hlanza i-studio ngamanzi. Ikhasi lokuphepha kokubumba lenyuvesi lithi gwema ukushanela okomile, sebenzisa i-vacuum enesihlungi se-HEPA kuphela futhi ukhuhle phansi ngomoppi omanzi nsuku zonke. Sula izindawo ngendwangu emanzi ngemva kwesikhathi ngasinye somsebenzi futhi.
• Thatha lonke uthuli lwe-glaze njengothuli lomthofu (Pb), ngisho noma ama-glaze akho engenamthofu. Uthuli oluphethe i-barium, i-chrome, i-cobalt noma i-manganese luhamba luye ekhaya ngendlela efanayo.
• Khuhla izandla nezinzipho zakho ngaphambi kokuphakamisa ingane, ukwenza ukudla noma ukuphulula isilwane sasekhaya.
• Ungavumeli izingane zidlale e-studio, futhi ungavumeli ibe yindlela emfushane eya egcekeni noma engadini.

Ukukhulelwa nokuncelisa

Sikweluleka ukuqaphela ngokwengeziwe uma kukhona osekhaya okhulelwe noma oncelisayo. Bagcine bengekho e-studio ngenkathi uphatha okokwakha okomile, futhi uma usebenzise umthofu (Pb), buza udokotela wabo noma umbelethisi ukuthi ingabe ukuhlolwa kwegazi lomthofu kunengqondo yini emndenini.

Ukuze ulawule uthuli ngenkathi usebenza (ama-respirator, izindlela zamanzi nokungeniswa komoya), bheka Ukuxuba ngokuphepha nomoya ohlanzekile.

Umthofu nezingane

Umthofu (lead, Pb) uyingozi ethule. I-CDC ibala "Ukuxuba noma ukugcoba i-glaze noma imibala equkethe umthofu" phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuzilibazisa engachaya abantu emthofwini, futhi ixwayisa ukuthi "Iningi lezingane nabantu abadala abachayeke emthofwini abanazo izimpawu." Ngamazwi ayo, "Ukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ukuthi wena noma ingane yakho nichayekile ukuhlolwa kwegazi lomthofu."

Kungani izingane zingenisa okwengeziwe

Izingane zingenisa uthuli lwasendlini oluningi kunabantu abadala. Ziphefumula umoya omningi ngokwesisindo somzimba wazo, futhi i-US EPA iphawula ukuthi izingane ezincane "zivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okugwinya umhlabathi nothuli ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo okuhlukile njengokukhasa nokufaka isandla noma into emlonyeni." Kumthofu (Pb), uthuli ingane eluginya phansi, ezandleni nasemathoyizini lubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho ekuphefumulayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi nenombolo engu-3.5

Umthofu osegazini ulinganiswa nge-µg/dL (ama-microgram omthofu nge-deciliter, okuyingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi zelitha, yegazi). Inani lereferensi lomthofu osegazini le-CDC ngu-3.5 µg/dL, lehliswa lisuka ku-5 µg/dL ngo-2021. Yizinga lapho okungu-97.5% kwezingane zase-US ezineminyaka engu-1 kuya ku-5 zingaphansi kwalo, ngakho ingane esezingeni lalo noma ngaphezulu inomthofu omningi egazini layo kunazo cishe zonke izingane zeminyaka yayo. I-CDC ithi leli nani "alisekelwe empilweni futhi aliyona indinganiso yomthetho", futhi lapho ilehlisa yathi "Ukuchayeka emthofwini kuwo wonke amazinga kuyalimaza ezinganeni."

Ngakho u-3.5 µg/dL uwuphawu lokulandelela, hhayi umkhawulo ophephile. Umphumela ongaphansi kwawo awusho ukuthi umthofu (Pb) awulimazanga. Umphumela osezingeni lawo noma ngaphezulu usho ukuthola ukuthi umthofu uvela kuphi; iseluleko se-CDC ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokuhlaba umunwe ngesampula evela emthanjeni. Odokotela abangaphandle kwe-US basebenzisa iziqondiso zabo, futhi owakho uzokuchazela ukuthi umphumela usho ukuthini.

Esikuphakamisayo

• Sebenzisa ama-glaze angenamthofu lapho ungakwazi khona. Ekhaya elinezingane ezincane, sikweluleka ukuthi ungasebenzisi umthofu (Pb) nhlobo.
• Uma usebenzise ama-frit omthofu (umthofu osuvele uncibilikiswe waba yingilazi wagaywa waba yimpushana), noma ama-glaze amadala ongazi ukuthi akhiwe ngani, buza udokotela wengane yakho ngokuhlolwa kwegazi lomthofu.
• Landela imithetho yothuli engenhla kuwo wonke ama-glaze, hhayi lawo anomthofu kuphela.

I-Glazecalc igcina umthofu uvaliwe ngaphandle uma uwukhetha ku-Izilungiselelo. Uma umthofu uvaliwe, ayilokothi yengeze umthofu kuresiphi noma iwuphakamise.

Izilwane zasekhaya

Asitholanga cwaningo lwezilwane noma iseluleko esibhalelwe izilwane zasekhaya emakhaya ababumbi. Iseluleko kulesi sigaba siwukuqonda okuvamile, sakhelwe emaqinisweni avamile ngomthofu (lead, Pb), i-barium nezinyoni. Asiveli emthonjeni wezokwelapha izilwane.

Okwaziwayo

I-Pet Poison Helpline ithi "Umthofu unoshevu kuzo zonke izinhlobo, kodwa izilwane ezisencane kanye/noma ezingondlekile kahle zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yokudliswa ushevu", nezimpawu ezinjengokuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ukungadli, ukukhubeka, isifo sokuwa nobumpumputhe. Umbiko wesimo sezilwane uchaza inja eyadla ama-sparkler aqukethe i-barium nitrate (usawoti we-barium oncibilikayo, okungesikho okokwakha kwe-glaze): yaba nobuthakathaka obungazelelwe, ukuconsa amathe nokushaya kwenhliziyo okungalingani, futhi yalulama ngokwelashwa ngudokotela wezilwane. Izinyoni ziyisimo esikhethekile: udokotela wezilwane wase-University of Illinois uchaza ukuthi "Izinyoni zinesimiso sokuphefumula esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nesisebenza kahle ngokweqile, okuzenza zisengozini kakhulu yokuhogela intuthu nama-aerosol."

Imithetho yokuqonda okuvamile

• Gcina izilwane zasekhaya zingekho e-studio, umnyango uvaliwe.
• Izinja zihlafuna izikhwama futhi ziphuze emabhakedeni. Gcina izikhwama ekhabetheni elivaliwe nesiciko kuwo wonke amabhakede.
• Amakati ahamba odulini futhi alukhothe ezidladleni nasoboyeni bawo. Hlanza phansi ngamanzi futhi ugcine amakati engekho e-studio, ukuze kungabikho lutho angaluzikhotha.
• Izinyoni nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo (onogwaja, ama-guinea pig, ama-hamster) zihlanganyela umoya wasendlini. Zigcine egumbini elikude umnyango uvaliwe ngenkathi uphatha okokwakha okomile nangenkathi i-kiln ishisa.
• Amathangi ezinhlanzi aqoqa uthuli oluzinzayo. Wagcine engekho e-studio, futhi embozwe.
• Gcina izitsha zokudla namanzi zezilwane zasekhaya kude ne-studio ne-kiln, futhi usebenzise izitsha ezithengiwe noma ezihloliwe, hhayi izivivinyo ze-studio.

Uma isilwane sasekhaya kungenzeka sidle noma siphuze noma yini evela e-studio, noma sibonisa izimpawu ezifana nalezo ezingenhla, shayela udokotela wakho wezilwane noma ulayini woshevu wezilwane (bheka ithebula elingaphezulu), negama lokokwakha nesisindo sesilwane kuseduze.

I-kiln

Ingaphandle lishisa ngokwanele ukusha

Ukuhlolwa kwengozi kwezikole zase-UK kuthi ingaphandle le-kiln (isithando sokushisa izitsha zobumba) "lingafika ku-160 °C futhi mhlawumbe nangaphezulu" (cishe 320 °F), futhi umhlahlandlela we-kiln wezikole ubika imigqa yensimbi efika ku-460 °F (cishe 240 °C). I-Skutt, umenzi wama-kiln, incoma igumbi le-kiln elingakhiywa ukuvimba izingane nezilwane zasekhaya. Lapho igumbi lingakhiyeki, umhlahlandlela wezikole uphakamisa isivimbelo esifana nesikrini sokuphepha se-kiln.

Izingane ezincane nezilwane zasekhaya azikwazi ukuqonda uphawu lokuxwayisa. Sikweluleka ukuthi uzigcine ngemuva komnyango okhiyiwe noma isivimbelo ngenkathi i-kiln ishisa nangenkathi iphola, futhi ubeke uphawu lokuxwayisa lwabanye bonke.

Isikhala esizungezile

Imithombo ayivumelani ngesikhala. I-Rio Grande ithi okungenani amayintshi angu-12 (30 cm) ukusuka ezindongeni nakunoma yini engasha. I-L&L incoma kakhulu amayintshi angu-18 (46 cm) kuzo zonke izindonga, futhi umthetho wokwakha ewucaphunayo ucela amafidi angu-3 (0.9 m) ukusuka ezindongeni ezingasha. Landela incwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln yakho nomthetho womlilo wendawo; uma ungaqiniseki, shiya amayintshi angu-18 kunoma yiluphi udonga namafidi angu-3 kunoma yini engasha. Egaraji, gcina izimoto, uphethiloli nopende kude kakhulu.

Ugesi

I-Rio Grande incoma isekethe ezimele (engaphi gesi kokunye) nesokhethi enomhlabathi (grounded) ofanele. Sikweluleka ukuthi ungasebenzisi intambo yokwelula (extension cord). Phakathi kokushisa okukodwa nokulandelayo, cisha i-breaker noma iswishi yokunqamula ye-kiln, noma uyikhiphe ogesini, ukuze ingane ingakwazi ukuyiqalisa.

Yiba khona lapho ukushisa kuphothulwa

I-kiln sitter yiswishi yemishini kuma-kiln amaningi asebenza ngesandla: i-cone encane iyagoba ekupheleni kokushisa bese icisha iswishi. Incwadi yayo yemiyalelo ithi "AYENZELWE ukusebenza njengethuluzi lokucisha eliqinisekisa ukuphepha." I-Rio Grande ithi ungalokothi ushiye i-kiln eshisayo ingabhekiwe, "ikakhulukazi eduze nesikhathi okulindeleke ukuthi icishe ngaso". Ngakho hlala eduze futhi uhlole i-kiln ngenkathi ishisa, ikakhulukazi eduze nokuphela; shisa kuphela uma umuntu omdala ezoba sekhaya futhi ephapheme phakathi nakho konke ukushisa, hlola ukuthi icishile, futhi ugcine isicishamlilo se-ABC egumbini le-kiln. Ukuze wazi ukuthi ama-sitter, ama-controller nezinhlelo zokushisa kusebenza kanjani, bheka Ukushisa ku-kiln elula.

Intuthu ne-carbon monoxide

Ukushisa kukhipha intuthu, ngakho khiphela umoya we-kiln ngaphandle; Ukuxuba ngokuphepha nomoya ohlanzekile uchaza ukuthi kanjani. I-kiln esegaraji elixhunywe nendlu idinga ukukhishwa komoya okuvimba intuthu ukuthi ifinyelele endlini ngomnyango oxhumayo. Gcina izinyoni egumbini elikude noma nini lapho i-kiln ishisa.

I-carbon monoxide (CO) iyigesi enoshevu ongakwazi ukuyibona noma ukuyihogela. Ishidi lokuphepha le-kiln lenyuvesi lifuna ama-alamu e-CO nama-kiln asebenza ngegesi. Imibono iyahluka ngama-kiln kagesi, kodwa ukushiswa kwezinto eziphilayo (ebumbeni, noma izinto ezinjengephepha noma i-wax) kungakha i-CO. Sicabanga ukuthi i-alamu ye-CO egumbini le-kiln nasemagumbini aseduze nalo iyisinyathelo esinengqondo, esingabizi, kunoma iyiphi i-kiln.

Izimbobo zokulunguza namehlo

Ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ongakwazi ukukubona, "kuqala ku-752°F (400°C)", futhi i-Ceramic Arts Network ithi ukulunguza ku-kiln ngaphezu kwalokhu kufanele kwenziwe njalo kugqokwe isivikelo samehlo. I-infrared ingalimaza i-lens yeso futhi iholele ku-cataract, futhi ukubuka isikhathi eside kungalimaza i-retina. Izibuko zelanga nezibuko ze-didymium aziyivimbi.

Izitsha ezenziwe ngesandla etafuleni lomndeni

Umbuzo wezitsha etafuleni lomndeni ukuvuza (leaching): izinsimbi ezincibilika ziphuma ku-glaze eshisiwe zingene ekudleni noma esiphuzweni. I-FDA ixwayisa ukuthi uma izitsha zobumba "zingenziwanga kahle, lo mthofu ungavuza ungene ekudleni nasesiphuzweni", nokuthi "akukho ukugeza, ukubilisa noma enye inqubo engasusa umthofu ezitsheni zobumba." Abalawuli abanjenge-US FDA ne-EU bakhawulela ukuthi umthofu (lead, Pb) ne-cadmium kungakanani okukhishwa yisitsha esiqediwe ekuhlolweni okujwayelekile nge-asidi, hhayi okuqukethwe yi-glaze. Umkhawulo oqine kakhulu wase-US, wezinkomishi, ama-mug nojeke, ngu-0.5 µg/mL womthofu.

Ukungabi nomthofu akufani nokuphepha ekudleni

I-glaze engenamthofu (Pb) isengavuza. I-Digitalfire, incwadi yereferensi yamakhemikhali e-glaze, ibala ama-glaze aqukethe "okokufaka umbala kwe-oxide yezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-barium, i-lithium, noma umthofu" njengokukhathazayo, futhi ixwayisa ukuthi i-stain eshiswe ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe ingakhipha i-cadmium. Ilebula yezinto zobuciko ye-ASTM D-4236 esitsheni se-glaze "AYIQINISEKISI ukuthi i-glaze eshisiwe iphephile ekudleni", futhi "Abakhiqizi bezitsha zetafula kumele bahlole zonke izitsha eziqediwe ukuze baqinisekise isimo sazo njengezitsha zokudla."

"Iphephile ekudleni" kusho ukuthi le glaze, kulobu bumba, ishiswe kule cone, igcotshwe ngale ndlela, ikhipha ngaphansi kwemikhawulo yomthetho. Ukubala iresiphi, nokwe-Glazecalc kuhlanganisiwe, kungaveza iresiphi enobungozi kodwa ngeke kufakazele ukuthi imbiza iphephile. Ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwezinsimbi (leach test) kwesitsha esishisiwe kuphela okungakwenza.

Sikweluleka ukuthi ufunde ilebula ethi "iphephile ekudleni" ku-glaze ethengiwe njengesiqalo esihle, hhayi isiqinisekiso: ubumba oluhlukile, ungqimba olujiyile, enye i-cone noma i-glaze yesibili phezulu kushintsha umphumela.

Ukuhlola

Amalabhorethri ahlola izitsha ezishisiwe ngokucwilisa okujwayelekile ku-asidi okumele isimo esibi kakhulu, njenge-ASTM C738 e-US. Ukuhlola kwe-EU kwelabhorethri elilodwa kudinga izitsha ezine ezifanayo futhi kuthatha izinsuku zokusebenza eziyisikhombisa, ngakho yenza ezengeziwe zanoma yini ohlela ukuyihlolisa.

Ukuhlola kwasekhaya kuyaphikiswa. I-FDA ithi amakhithi okusula asekhaya angabonisa umthofu (Pb) ongavuza, nokuthi isitsha esihlolwa sibe ne-positive akufanele sisetshenziselwe ukudla. I-Ceramics NZ ixwayisa ukuthi amapeni okuhlola umthofu abathengi "awenzelwe lokhu kusetshenziswa" ezitsheni zobumba futhi anganikeza ama-positive angamanga. I-Digitalfire iphakamisa ukushiya ucezu lukalamula ku-glaze ubusuku bonke njengokuhlola okulinganiselwayo. Ukufunda okuphephile: ukuhlola kwasekhaya okuyi-positive kusho ukuyeka ukusebenzisa isitsha ekudleni, futhi okuyi-negative akufakazeli lutho. Ilabhorethri kuphela engakutshela ukuthi isitsha siphephile.

Izitsha ezine-crazing

I-crazing (imifantu emincane) iyinethiwekhi yemifantu emincane ebusweni be-glaze, futhi imithombo ayivumelani ngayo. Ucwaningo lwe-Ceramics Monthly lwathola ukuthi ama-tile ane-crazing ayengahlanzwa, kangcono emshinini wokugeza izitsha, nakuba aphuma engahlanzekile kangako kunama-tile angenayo i-crazing ngemva kwensipho namanzi. I-Digitalfire ithi "Izitsha ezine-crazing azamukeleki" nokuthi i-crazing "yenza izitsha zibe buthakathaka kakhulu". Indlela ephephile ilula: ungasebenzisi izitsha ezine-crazing ekudleni.

Ama-glaze angaphakathi (liner)

I-liner glaze yi-glaze engaphakathi kwenkomishi noma kwesitsha, lapho ukudla kuhlala khona. I-Digitalfire ichaza i-liner engaba nengozi ephansi ngokwanele ukuthi isetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuhlolwa elabhorethri: ayinakho okokufaka umbala, i-barium, umthofu (Pb) noma i-lithium; incibilike ngokuphelele; ayinayo i-crazing; futhi iyaqina uma isetshenziswa. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwezimbiza zakho ezishisiwe kuphela okubonisa ukuthi ziphephile ekudleni yini. Izimpawu zokuxwayisa kunoma iyiphi i-glaze yinani elikhulu lokokufaka umbala, amakristalu ebusweni nokuncibilika okungekuhle.

Imithetho yomndeni esiyiphakamisayo

• Izinkomishi, izitsha namapuleti ezingane: ama-liner glaze ahlolwe elabhorethri futhi aqinile kuphela, noma izitsha zokudla ezithengiwe.
• Ungagcini ukudla noma isiphuzo esine-asidi (izithelo ezisawolintshi, utamatisi, uviniga, ujusi wezithelo, iwayini) ezimbizeni ezigcotshwe nganoma yini ongakayihlolisi.
• Ungasebenzisi izitsha ezine-crazing ekudleni.
• Ama-test tile nezivivinyo kuhlala e-studio, kungalokothi kube ekhishini, ebhokisini lamathoyizi noma esitsheni sesilwane sasekhaya.
• Qaphela nezinye izitsha zobumba. I-FDA iyeluleka ukuqaphela ngezitsha ezenziwe ngesandla noma ezibukeka zingacwengiwe, izinto zasendulo, izitsha ezilimele noma ezigugile, izinto ezitholwe ezimakethe zezinto ezisetshenzisiwe nokuhlobisa okusawolintshi, okubomvu noma okuphuzi okugqamile.
• Uma ingane isebenzise izitsha zobumba osuzingabaza manje, i-FDA ithi khuluma nodokotela ngokuhlolwa kwegazi lomthofu.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngokuthi ama-glaze ancibilika kanjani, kungani amanye evuza nokuthi imikhawulo isho ukuthini, bheka Izisekelo ze-glaze.

Imithombo

• America's Poison Centers: Poison Help
• Poison Control (poison.org): webPOISONCONTROL
• NHS: Poisoning
• National Poisons Information Service (UK)
• National Poisons Information Centre of Ireland: Public Poisons Line
• European Commission: 112, the European emergency number
• healthdirect: Poisoning
• National Poisons Centre (New Zealand)
• ASPCA: Animal Poison Control
• Pet Poison Helpline
• Animal PoisonLine (UK)
• Animal Poisons Helpline (Australia and New Zealand)
• PubMed Central: Non-fatal acute barium carbonate poisoning, a case report (2025)
• WHO IPCS: Environmental Health Criteria 107, Barium (1990)
• Fisher Scientific: Potassium dichromate safety data sheet (2007)
• WikEM: Boron toxicity
• NPIC and US EPA: Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, chapter 9 (PDF)
• medlibrary.org: Lithium carbonate prescribing information
• CDC: About Lead in Jobs, Hobbies, or Other Activities
• CDC: Blood Lead Reference Value
• US EPA: Children's health booklet (2018, PDF)
• Pennsylvania Department of Health: Non-Occupational Lead Exposure (PDF)
• Western Carolina University: Ceramics Safety
• Crafts Council (UK): How to make your pottery practice greener
• Pet Poison Helpline: Lead
• Vet Candy: Sparkler ingestion results in barium toxicity
• University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine: Bird toxins
• Skutt: Designing a Kiln Room (PDF)
• Kiln Management guide for schools (PDF)
• L&L Kiln: Front-loader installation checklist (PDF)
• Rio Grande: PMC Kilns Handbook (PDF)
• Dawson: Kiln-Sitter LT-3 manual (PDF)
• Ceramic Arts Network: In the Studio, Eye Health for Potters
• FDA: Questions and Answers on Lead-Glazed Traditional Pottery
• FDA: Compliance Policy Guide 545.450, lead in pottery (PDF)
• Digitalfire: Food Safe
• Ceramics NZ: Is it food safe?
• Ceramic Arts Network: Techno File, Dirty Dishes