Ukuxuba ngokuphepha nomoya ohlanzekile

Ingozi enkulu: uthuli

Ingozi enkulu yesikhathi eside emsebenzini we-glaze wuthuli, ikakhulukazi uthuli lwe-silica eyikristalu oluhogelwayo (respirable crystalline silica): izinhlayiya ze-quartz noma ze-cristobalite (izinhlobo ze-silica eyikristalu) ezincane ngokwanele ukuthi zingene ekujuleni kwamaphaphu. I-silica eyikristalu ingaba cishe u-10 kuya ku-60% wesisindo esomile se-glaze, futhi iningi lobumba (ngaphandle kwe-kaolin) nama-feldspar amaningi nawo aphethe i-quartz ecolekileyo. I-Health and Safety Executive (HSE) yase-UK ithi lolu thuli "lucoleke kakhulu futhi alubonakali ekukhanyeni okujwayelekile", ngakho igumbi elibukeka lihlanzekile aliyona ubufakazi bokuthi umoya uhlanzekile.

Uma luhogelwa isikhathi eside, lungabangela i-silicosis, isifo samaphaphu i-HSE esichaza ngokuthi "sibi futhi asilapheki" futhi singa "bangela ukukhubazeka unomphela nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi". Lungabangela futhi i-COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: i-bronchitis yesikhathi eside ne-emphysema), ebhebhetheka ngokubhema. I-IARC, inhlangano yomdlavuza ye-World Health Organization, ibeka i-silica eyikristalu ehogelwayo ku-Group 1, "ibangela umdlavuza ebantwini".

I-silica ayiphenduki intuthu ku-kiln, futhi i-glaze emanzi ayiyona ingozi yokuhogela ngaphandle uma ifuthwa: inkungu yokufutha iphethe i-silica futhi yome ibe uthuli (bheka Ukufutha, ngezansi). Izikhathi zokuqaphela yilapho okokwakha komile: uma uvula izikhwama, ukala, uxuba impuphu emanzini, nalapho uhlanza amaconsi, i-glaze efuthwe yeqa, nodaka sekuphinde komile kwaba uthuli.

Imingcele yokuchayeka

Imithetho yasemsebenzini ibeka umngcele wokuchayeka: i-silica eningi kakhulu isisebenzi esingayihogela, ilinganiselwe phezu kosuku lwamahora angu-8, ngama-milligram (mg) noma ama-microgram (µg, inkulungwane yengxenye ye-milligram) ngemitha ngayinye eyi-cubic yomoya.

Amanye amakhasi abhala u-0.025 mg/m³ e-Australia, kodwa umngcele osemthethweni usengu-0.05. Noma kunjalo, iseluleko siyafana: gcina uthuli luphansi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Amazwe amaningana angamalungu e-EU abeka imingcele ephansi kunaleyo ye-EU. Umngcele lapho uhlala khona, umthetho owubekayo nenhlangano kazwelonke yokuphepha emsebenzini:

Le yimingcele yasemsebenzini. Ibopha abaqashi, ngakho akekho ohlola umbumbi osebenza yedwa ekhaya, nakuba izitudiyo zomphakathi nezikole ezinabasebenzi zivame ukufakwa (hlola imithetho yendawo yakini). Uthuli luyafana ekhaya, futhi imingcele ikhombisa ubukhulu bengozi: izingxenye ezisuka ku-25 kuya ku-100 ezigidini zegremu kumitha ngayinye eyi-cubic yomoya, kulinganiselwe phezu kosuku.

Cishe akekho owake walinganisa uthuli ezitudiyo zabazilibazisayo, ngakho siphakamisa ukuthi uthathe wonke umsebenzi wempuphu eyomile njengomsebenzi onothuli.

Imikhuba ebaluleke kakhulu

Ukuvikeleka okuningi kuvela emikhubeni, hhayi ezintweni zokusebenza. Iseluleko se-HSE sezindawo zokubumba siqala ngokugwema impuphu bese siya phansi kusukela lapho.

Gwema impuphu lapho ungakwazi

• Thenga i-glaze esixutshiwe kakade uma kufanelana nomsebenzi wakho. Isiphakamiso sokuqala se-HSE sithi "Thenga i-glaze esilungele ukusetshenziswa, uma kungenzeka", noma esesimweni sezinhlamvu noma sodaka (slurry).
• Khetha amaresiphi aphephile. I-HSE iphakamisa "ama-glaze anokuncane kwe-silica eyikristalu". I-Digitalfire iphakamisa i-frit (ingilazi eyenziwe efektri yagaywa yaba impuphu, encibilika kancane kakhulu kunokokwakha okungaphekiwe) esikhundleni se-barium carbonate engaphekiwe, ne-stain (umbala wobumba owenziwe efektri) esikhundleni senani elikhulu le-manganese, i-cobalt noma i-nickel kwemibala emnyama.

Uma usebenzisa impuphu

• Kha kancane. I-HSE ithi "Thela/kha kancane ezikhwameni" futhi ugweme iziqukathi ezinkulu nezijulile, ukuze uthuli lungawi kude kangako.
• Gcina izivalo zivaliwe noma nini lapho isiqukathi singasetshenziswa, kuhlanganise naphakathi kwesikali nebhakede.
• Sebenza kude nomoya ovunguzayo. Kala kude neminyango, amafasitela nezindlela zokuhamba, futhi ugcine abanye abantu bengekho egumbini.
• Faka impuphu emanzini. Siphakamisa ukuthi uqale ufake amanzi ebhakedeni bese wengeza impuphu kancane, kunokuthela amanzi enqwabeni eyomile. Lokhu kungumkhuba ojwayelekile, hhayi umthetho ovela emithonjeni.
• Xuba ngento yokuxuba, hhayi ngezandla zakho, futhi ugqoke amagilavu.
• Kugcine kumanzi. Hlanza okuchitheke kumanzi "ukuze kungomi", futhi ugcine izinsalela ezimanzi eziqukathini ezivalwe ngokuqinile umoya ungangeni.
• Qaphela izikhwama. Amasaka aphethe uthuli ngaphandle. Songa ezingenalutho kancane bese uzifaka esikhwameni ngaphambi kokuzilahla.
• Gcina izimpuphu zimbozwe, zingekho phansi, futhi kude nalapho abantu behamba khona.

Uhlelo olunengqondo lokukhetha

1. Thenga i-glaze emanzi esixutshiwe kakade, ungasebenzisi impuphu.
2. Xuba usebenzisa impuphu ngaphansi kwe-hood enomoya, noma ngaphandle emoyeni ozolile kude nabanye abantu; gqoka i-respirator kunoma yisiphi isimo.
3. Ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwe-hood: i-respirator, ukukha kancane, izivalo zivaliwe, nokuhlanza okumanzi masinyane.

Lolu hlelo luyisiphakamiso sethu, olwakhelwe phezu kwesimiso se-HSE sokuqala ngokugwema impuphu. Ukuze ukale futhi uxube isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, bheka Indlela yokwenza i-glaze.

Ama-respirator

I-respirator iyimaski eqinisekisiwe ukuthi ihlunga izinhlayiya ezincane emoyeni owuphefumulayo. Isebenza kuphela uma ivala ngokuqinile ebusweni bakho, futhi isekela imikhuba emihle kunokuba ithathe indawo yayo.

Amazinga ngokwesifunda

Izinga eliphezulu lihlunga ingxenye enkulu yezinhlayiya ezincane. Imithombo ayivumelani ngokuthi i-P3 yase-Australia ihlunga malini (okungenani u-99%, noma okungenani u-99.95%), ngakho thenga izinga eliqinisekisiwe elithengiswa esifundeni sakho. Imaski uhhafu esebenza kaningi (evala ikhala nomlomo, enezihlungi ezishintshwayo) efakwe izihlungi ze-P100 (P3 ngaphandle kwe-US) iwukukhetha okujwayelekile ezitudiyo.

Ukulingana nokuvala

Imaski evuzayo ingenisa uthuli emaphethelweni ayo, noma ngabe iyiliphi izinga layo. I-HSE iyaxwayisa ukuthi isiqhumane nentshebe "kwenza kungenzeki ukuthola ukuvala okuhle".

• Shefa ngaphambi nje kokuthi usebenze. Iziqondiso ziyehluka ngokuthi "ukushefa kahle" kumele kube kwakamuva kangakanani. Umkhiqizi wase-UK, ecaphuna i-HSE, uthi kushefwe phakathi kwamahora angu-8 ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi. Izinga lokuhlola ukulingana lase-Australia ne-New Zealand licela ukushefa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokulingana, "okungcono phakathi kwamahora angu-12". Ukushefa ngaphambi nje kokusebenza kufeza kokubili.
• Uma ugcina intshebe, i-respirator enamandla kagesi exegayo (PAPR: i-hood noma isigqoko esinefeni elethe umoya ohlungiwe) ayidingi ukuvala ebusweni.
• Thola usayizi ofanele. Ukungalingani kahle kuyimbangela enkulu yokuvuza. Ezindaweni zokusebenza basebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokulingana (fit test), ukuhlola ukuthi imaski ethile ivala kahle ebusweni obuthile. Ekhaya, siphakamisa ukuthi ulandele imiyalelo yomkhiqizi yokuhlola ukuvala njalo uma uyigqoka.

Ngokombono wethu, ukulingana kubaluleke ngaphezu kwezinga: i-N95, i-FFP2 noma i-P2 elingana kahle ivamise ukwenza kangcono kune-P100 exegayo.

Nini ukuyigqoka

I-HSE ithi i-respirator "ngokuvamile ayidingeki" lapho ukukala nokuxuba kwenzeka endaweni evalekile enomoya, kodwa "ingadingeka ekunakekeleni imishini nasekuhlanzeni". Iningi lezitudiyo zasekhaya alinayo indawo evalekile, ngakho siphakamisa ukuthi uyigqoke (okungenani i-N95, i-FFP2 noma i-P2; i-P100, i-FFP3 noma i-P3 ingcono) noma nini lapho:

• uvula izikhwama noma uthela impuphu;
• ukala izimpuphu futhi uzixuba emanzini;
• ukhuhla, ugudla noma ugaya i-glaze eyomile noma i-bisque;
• wenza noma yikuphi ukuhlanza okomile, noma uthulula i-vacuum;
• ufutha i-glaze (ebhokisini lokufutha: bheka ngezansi).

Okungeyona i-respirator

• Amaski okuhlinza, amaski endwangu namaski "othuli oluyinhlupheko" (nuisance dust) angenalo uphawu lwe-NIOSH, i-EN 149 noma i-AS/NZS 1716. Thina besingeke sithembele kuwo othulini lwe-glaze.
• I-respirator yothuli "ngeke ikuvikele kumagesi, nomhwamuko" (OSHA), ngakho ayenzi lutho entuthwini ye-kiln.
• Nakekela eyakho: i-OSHA iphawula ukuthi i-respirator engcolile noma esetshenziswe kabi "ingaba yingozi". Yigcine ihlanzekile, kude nezingubo zokusebenza ezinothuli.

Ukuhlanza, izingubo nezandla

Uthuli oluhlala phansi, emabhentshini nasezingutsheni lubuyela emoyeni njalo uma luphazanyiswa. Ngemva kokuphatha ngobumnene, ukuhlanza ngamanzi kungumkhuba owusizo kakhulu ongaba nawo.

Hlanza ngamanzi

• Mopha futhi usule ngamanzi. I-University of Utah incoma ukumopha phansi nezindawo zokusebenza ngamanzi nsuku zonke, futhi i-HSE icela izindawo zokusebenza ukuthi zigeze ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye. Ekhaya, siphakamisa ukusula nokumopha ngemva kwesikhathi ngasinye sokuxuba.
• Ungalokothi ushanele ngokomile, uxubhe ngokomile noma usebenzise umoya ocindezelwe. I-OSHA iyakwenqabela lokhu lapho kwandisa ukuchayeka, futhi i-HSE ithi ungalokothi uxubhe noma uphephethe uthuli esikhumbeni noma ezingutsheni.
• Sebenzisa i-vacuum kuphela uma kungumshini owakhelwe uthuli olucolekile oluyingozi: i-HEPA e-US (isihlungi esibamba okungenani u-99.97% wezinhlayiya ezingu-0.3 µm ububanzi), noma okungenani i-dust Class M e-UK nase-EU. Kwezinye izindawo, bheka izinga elilinganayo. Ama-vacuum ajwayelekile asemsebenzini nasekhaya awalinganiswanga ngale ndlela, futhi thina besingeke siwasebenzise, ngoba uthuli olucolekile lungadlula luphume ngomoya awukhiphayo. Gqoka i-respirator yakho uma uthulula eyodwa.

Izingubo, ukudla nezandla

• Gqoka izingubo zesitudiyo kuphela zendwangu elukwe ngokuqinile engabambi uthuli, futhi uzigeze kaningi (i-Utah iphakamisa masonto onke), zihlukaniswe nezinye izingubo zokuwasha. I-HSE iphawula ukuthi izingubo ezinothuli ziqhubeka zikuchaya ngemva kokuba umsebenzi usuphelile, ngakho siphakamisa ukuthi ushintshe ngaphambi kokungena kuyo yonke enye indlu.
• Akukho ukudla, ukuphuza noma ukubhema esitudiyo. Njengoba i-Digitalfire isho, "umuntu akufanele adide i-barium carbonate noshukela wetafula lapho enza ikhofi". Faka ilebula kuso sonke isiqukathi.
• Geza izandla zakho ngaphambi kokudla, ukuphuza, ukubhema noma ukusebenzisa indlu yangasese, futhi uhlanze ngaphansi kwezinzipho zakho. Sebenzisa amanzi afudumele nensipho emnene kunokusebenzisa isihlanzi esihuzukisayo.

Ukuze ugcine uthuli nokokwakha kude nezingane nezilwane ezifuywayo, bheka Ungawadliseli ushevu umndeni wakho.

Ukukhipha umoya endaweni nokufutha

Ukukhipha umoya endaweni

Ukukhipha umoya endaweni (local exhaust ventilation, LEV) kubamba uthuli lapho lwenziwa khona: i-hood noma indawo evalekile phezu komsebenzi, enefeni edonsa umoya kude nobuso bakho iwukhiphele ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Ukukala yilapho kwenziwa khona uthuli oluningi, ngakho i-HSE ichaza isiteshi sokukala esivalekile esinengxenye encane evulekile ngaphambili, ne-Digitalfire i-hood enemigodi engenhla kwesikali. Uma unayo, iseluleko se-HSE sasemsebenzini siyasebenza:

• yigcine kude neminyango, amafasitela nezindlela zokuhamba, ngoba umoya ovunguzayo uyayehlula;
• ngenisa umoya obuyiselayo ohlanzekile (umoya omusha othatha indawo yalowo ofeni iwukhiphayo, ngesikhala somnyango, ifasitela noma imbobo yokungenisa);
• thumela umoya okhishwayo ngaphandle, kude neminyango, amafasitela nezimbobo zokungenisa umoya;
• hlola ukuthi ivuliwe futhi iyasebenza ngaphambi kokuqala.

Awukho umthombo onikeza izibalo zokugeleza komoya kwe-hood yabazilibazisayo. Ngaphandle kwe-hood, thembela ekuphatheni ngobumnene, ku-respirator nasekuhlanzeni okumanzi.

Ukufutha

I-HSE iyaxwayisa ukuthi ukufutha "kungaveza inkungu equkethe i-RCS" (uthuli lwe-silica eyikristalu oluhogelwayo), nokuthi "inkungu ye-glaze yoma ngokushesha iphenduke uthuli". Yonke imithombo esiyitholile ithi fusa kuphela ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lokufutha elinomoya.

• I-HSE ifuna indawo evalekile ekhipha umoya futhi, "lapho kungenzeka khona, ibhokisi elinamanzi ngemuva", elibamba i-glaze efuthwe yeqa emanzini.
• Sebenzisa itafula elijikayo ebhokisini, gqoka amagilavu e-nitrile ne-respirator, futhi uhlanze ibhokisi nesihlungi salo ngaphambi kokuba i-glaze efuthwe yeqa yome.
• Ukususa uthuli ku-bisque ngebhulashi ngaphambi kokufaka i-glaze nakho kwenza uthuli; siphakamisa isipontshi esimanzi esikhundleni salokho.

Ukukhipha umoya ku-kiln

Lokho ukushisa okukukhiphayo

Konke ukushisa kukhipha intuthu, ngisho nobumba obungenalutho. Kuphuma amanzi ne-carbon dioxide, kanye "ne-carbon monoxide encane" evela ezintweni eziphilayo ezivuthayo, futhi uDave Finkelnburg, ebhalela i-Ceramics Monthly, ubiza ingozi engaba khona ye-carbon monoxide ngokuthi "ingozi esheshayo kakhulu". I-carbon monoxide (CO) igesi elambisa umzimba umoya-mpilo (oxygen), ibangele ukukhathala, ikhanda elibuhlungu nesiyezi. Isibabule (sulfur) esobumbeni be-ball nobe-stoneware sinika ukushisa kwe-bisque iphunga laso leqanda elibolile, futhi intuthu yesibabule ishisa amehlo, ikhala namaphaphu.

Okokwakha kwe-glaze kwengeza okunye. Amanye ama-oxide ensimbi akha intuthu, "ikakhulukazi i-copper, i-zinc, i-manganese", engabangela imfiva yentuthu yensimbi (metal fume fever), isifo esinamakhaza nemfiva. Umthofu (lead, Pb) "uyingozi ikakhulukazi", kusho i-University of Utah, ngoba "uba umhwamuko ekushiseni okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa": uma ushiswa emazingeni okushisa e-stoneware, "umthofu uzoba umhwamuko". I-fluorspar, i-cryolite ne-lepidolite zikhipha izinhlanganisela ze-fluorine. Akekho oshicilele izilinganiso ezivela kuma-kiln abazilibazisayo, ngakho siphakamisa ukukhipha umoya kukho konke ukushisa.

Ama-vent adonsela phansi

I-downdraft vent iyunithi encane enefeni efakwe ku-kiln. Idonsa umoya omncane egumbini lokushisa, iwuhlambulule ngomoya wegumbi bese iwudlulisela ngaphandle ngepayipi, ibamba intuthu ngaphambi kokuthi ifike egumbini. Umkhiqizi wama-kiln u-Skutt uthi bonke abakhiqizi bama-kiln bancoma eyodwa.

• Idinga umoya obuyiselayo. I-EnviroVent 2 ka-Skutt ithumela amafidi ayi-cubic angu-140 (cishe u-4 m³) omoya ngaphandle umzuzu ngamunye, futhi kumele kubuye ngaphakathi okulingana nalokho.
• Isusa "intuthu eyingozi kuphela, hhayi ukushisa" (Skutt), futhi kufanele isebenze ngokuzimela ohlelweni lwesakhiwo lokufudumeza nokupholisa.
• Yidlulisele ngaphandle ngepayipi, kude namafasitela, iminyango nezimbobo zokungenisa umoya. UFinkelnburg uncoma ifeni ye-squirrel-cage (centrifugal), hhayi ifeni ye-propeller.
• Eminye imithetho yendawo idinga i-vent ye-kiln, ngakho hlola eyakho.

I-hood vent (isembozo esingenhla kwe-kiln) iyenye indlela. Idonsa intuthu ephunyukayo kanye nomoya omningi wegumbi, kodwa ayidonsi lutho ngaphakathi kwe-kiln, futhi nayo idinga umoya obuyiselayo.

Lapho ungabeka khona i-kiln

• Siphakamisa igaraji, ishede noma igumbi elibekelwe i-kiln kunendawo yokuhlala, futhi ongalivalela izingane nezilwane ezifuywayo, njengoba u-Skutt eluleka.
• Izikhala. Imithombo iyehluka: u-Skutt ucacisa okungenani amayintshi angu-18 (46 cm) kunoma yiluphi udonga noma okokwakha okungasha (combustible: noma yini engasha), kanti i-CIRMA, umshuwalense wase-Connecticut, iphakamisa amafidi angu-3 (0.9 m) kunoma yini engasha. Landela incwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln yakho; uma ungenayo, gcina amayintshi angu-18 ezindongeni namafidi angu-3 kunoma yini engasha.
• Phansi. Sebenzisa phansi okungashi njengokhonkolo noma ithayela lobumba, hhayi neze ukhuni, ukhaphethi noma i-vinyl. Gcina amapulangwe, iphepha nama-solvent kude ne-kiln.
• Ugesi. I-CIRMA incoma isekhethi eyodwa ebekelwe i-kiln kuphela, kungabikho izintambo zokwelula noma izivikeli zokugxuma kukagesi (surge protectors), ukukhipha ipulaki phakathi kokushisa okukodwa nokulandelayo, nesicishamlilo esingaphakathi kwamafidi angu-25 (7.6 m).
• Ukushisa kwegumbi. U-Skutt uthi gcina igumbi lingaphansi kuka-38 °C (100 °F), kungenjalo isilawuli singacisha i-kiln. Njengoba i-vent ingasusi ukushisa, igumbi elincane lingadinga nefeni. Gwema ukuthi amakhanda okufafaza amanzi (sprinklers) nezinzwa zokushisa zibe ngqo ngenhla kwe-kiln.
• I-alamu ye-carbon monoxide. Asitholanga mthetho odinga eyodwa ku-kiln kagesi, kodwa izinto eziphilayo ezivuthayo zenza i-CO, ngakho i-alamu egumbini le-kiln nasemagumbini aseduze nalo iyisinyathelo esinengqondo nesishibhile (bheka Ungawadliseli ushevu umndeni wakho).

I-raku yenza intuthu eningi kakhulu ne-CO; i-Utah iyeluleka ukuthi yenziwe ngaphandle, kude nezimbobo zokungenisa umoya namafasitela. Ngokushisa uqobo, bheka Ukushisa ku-kiln elula.

Okokwakha okudinga ukunakekelwa kakhulu

Iningi lokokwakha kwe-glaze, kuhlanganise i-silica, ubumba, ama-feldspar nama-frit, ikakhulukazi kuyingozi yothuli, imikhuba engenhla eyilawulayo. Uhlu olufushane lunoshevu ngokwalo, ngokuhogela, ngokugwinya noma ngokuthinta isikhumba. I-Digitalfire yengeza ukuthi ama-stain ngokuvamile aphephe kakhulu kunama-oxide angaphekiwe, nokuthi "ama-glaze angalinganiseli akhipha izinsimbi ezinoshevu angenziwa nganoma yikuphi okokwakha": ukuphepha ekudleni kuncike kuyo yonke iresiphi, hhayi esithakweni esisodwa.

I-IARC group iwukuhlukaniswa komdlavuza: i-Group 1 isho "ibangela umdlavuza ebantwini", i-Group 2A "kungenzeka kakhulu ibangele umdlavuza ebantwini", i-Group 2B "kungenzeka ibangele umdlavuza ebantwini", ne-Group 3 "ayihlukaniseki mayelana nokubangela kwayo umdlavuza ebantwini", okusho ubufakazi obuncane kakhulu bokwahlulela nganoma iyiphi indlela.

I-borax, i-boric acid, i-soda ash ne-potash zincibilika emanzini, ngakho sizithatha njengezingamuncwa kalula kunazo zonke ngesikhumba esilimele noma zigwinywe ezandleni ezingagezwanga.

Uma iresiphi idinga i-barium carbonate engaphekiwe, i-manganese eningi, noma noma yikuphi okokwakha komthofu (Pb) noma kwe-cadmium, funa enye inguqulo esebenzisa i-frit noma i-stain esikhundleni. I-Glazecalc ingaqhathanisa i-chemistry yeyokuqala neyokushintsha; bese uhlola i-glaze entsha.

Amagilavu, isikhumba namehlo

Isikhumba

• Gqoka amagilavu nge-glaze emanzi noma eyomile; i-Utah ithi "kumele agqokwe". I-HSE ibala i-nitrile ekufutheni. Awukho umthombo oqhathanise izinto amagilavu enziwe ngazo, ngakho siphakamisa i-nitrile kuwo wonke umsebenzi we-glaze.
• Ama-barrier cream awawona amagilavu. I-HSE: "'Ama-barrier cream' awawona 'amagilavu awuketshezi'".
• Uthuli lwe-silica nomsebenzi omanzi kokubili kubangela i-contact dermatitis (isikhumba esibomvu, esibuhlungu, esiqhekekile), futhi isikhumba esiqhekekile singenisa okokwakha. Geza ngamanzi afudumele nensipho emnene, futhi usebenzise ukhilimu wangemva komsebenzi.
• Vala amanxeba. Izinhlanganisela ze-barium, isibonelo, azicatshangwa ukuthi zidlula esikhumbeni esingalimele, kodwa zingadlula esikhumbeni esilimele.

Amehlo

• Gqoka izibuko zokuphepha lapho ugaya izingcezu ezine-glaze. Siphakamisa futhi ukuzigqoka lapho uthela izimpuphu.
• Ukubheka ngaphakathi kwe-kiln eshisayo. Ama-kiln akhipha imisebe ye-infrared (ukushisa ongakuboni) "engabangela i-cataract". Amazinga ombala (shade) anconyiwe ezibuko ezilinganiselwe i-IR ayehluka: 1.7 kuya ku-3.0 (University of Utah) no-2.0 kuya ku-5.0 (University of Calgary). I-shade 3 ingena kukho kokubili; khetha emnyama kakhulu uma kuvela amabala ekuboneni kwakho.

Ukufunda i-safety data sheet

I-safety data sheet (SDS; ezindala zithi MSDS) iyincwadi yomhlinzeki ngokuqukethwe ngumkhiqizo, izingozi zawo nokuwuphatha. Konke okokwakha okungaphekiwe nayo yonke i-glaze yokuthengisa kufanele kube nayo; bheka ekhasini lomkhiqizo noma ubuze umhlinzeki. Inezigaba ezingu-16, futhi ezimbili zibaluleke kakhulu:

• Isigaba 2, Ukuhlonza izingozi: ukuhlukaniswa, igama lesixwayiso njengo-"Danger", ama-pictogram (izimpawu ezincane zesixwayiso) nezitatimende zengozi.
• Isigaba 8, Ukulawulwa kokuchayeka nokuzivikela: imingcele yokuchayeka, izilawuli zobunjiniyela ezidingekayo (umoya nokukhipha umoya) nezinto zokuzivikela okufanele uzigqoke.

Ama-pictogram nezitatimende zengozi zivela ku-GHS (Globally Harmonized System), uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lokufaka amalebula kumakhemikhali. I-borax, isibonelo, iphethe i-pictogram yengozi yempilo i-GHS08, igama lesixwayiso elithi "Danger" nesitatimende sengozi H360FD, "kungalimaza ukuzala; kungalimaza ingane engakazalwa". Ngokwazi kwethu, ama-SDS ase-UK, e-EU, e-Australia nase-New Zealand asebenzisa izigaba ezifanayo ezingu-16.

• Hlola uhlobo lwe-silica. I-HSE iyaxwayisa ukuthi i-silica eyikristalu "ingafakwa ilebula ngephutha ngokuthi 'amorphous silica'".
• "Not classified" akusho "ayinangozi". I-glaze eseqediwe engenawo ama-pictogram isenza uthuli lwe-silica uma yomile.

Lo mhlahlandlela uqoqa iseluleko esishicilelwe, kodwa awuthathi indawo ye-safety data sheet yokokwakha, incwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln yakho noma imithetho yendawo yakini. Lapho zehluka kulokho okufunda lapha, zilandele.

Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni ngokwesifunda

Le yimithombo eyinhloko efanele kakhulu ukufundwa. Iningi layo libhalelwe izindawo zokusebenza, kodwa iseluleko sayo sisebenza kahle nasesitudiyweni sasekhaya.

• United States: Izinga le-silica le-OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1053) neseluleko sayo sabantu abakhetha ukugqoka i-respirator; isexwayiso se-silicosis se-NIOSH.
• United Kingdom: Amashidi e-COSHH essentials e-HSE obumba (i-COSHH yimithetho ye-Control of Substances Hazardous to Health), ikakhulukazi i-CR1 mayelana nokulungisa ama-glaze nemibala ne-CR5 mayelana nokuwafutha, nezisekelo zokuhlolwa kokulingana ze-HSE.
• European Union: I-Directive (EU) 2017/2398 ibeka umngcele obophayo we-silica; umngcele wezwe ngalinye elingamalungu, nenhlangano yalo kazwelonke yokuphepha emsebenzini, kungaphansi kwe-Imingcele yokuchayeka, ngenhla. I-ECHA, i-European Chemicals Agency, ishicilela ukuhlukaniswa okufana nalokho kwama-borate.
• Australia: Amakhasi e-crystalline silica ne-silicosis e-Safe Work Australia.
• New Zealand: I-WorkSafe New Zealand ibeka amazinga okuchayeka emsebenzini; umlando wezinga le-silica we-MBIE unikeza izinsuku.
• Ama-kiln: Umhlahlandlela wegumbi le-kiln ka-Skutt, ishidi le-Orton ne-CCSA ngentuthu ye-kiln, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke incwadi yemiyalelo ye-kiln yakho.

Imithombo

• OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.1053, Respirable crystalline silica
• OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix D, Information for employees using respirators when not required
• OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.1200 Appendix D, Safety data sheets
• NIOSH: Silicosis alert (publication 92-107)
• HSE: COSHH essentials CR1, Glaze and colour preparation
• HSE: COSHH essentials CR5, Spraying glazes and colours
• HSE: Fit testing basics
• Safe Work Australia: Research on a lower workplace exposure standard for respirable crystalline silica
• Enviliance: Report 16612, Australia's June 2026 decision on the silica exposure standard
• MBIE (New Zealand): Work with engineered stone and materials containing crystalline silica, Annex III
• IARC: Monographs Volume 100C
• IARC: Volume 131, Cobalt, antimony compounds and weapons-grade tungsten alloy
• Science Media Centre Spain: IARC classifies talc (2024)
• ECHA: Risk Assessment Committee opinion on lithium carbonate, chloride and hydroxide (2021, PDF)
• PubChem: Cobalt carbonate, GHS classification, including its EU harmonised one
• ECHA: Risk Assessment Committee document on boric acid and borates
• Coslaw: EU introduces new CMR classifications under the 24th ATP to the CLP Regulation
• University of Utah EHS: Arts safety: ceramics
• University of Calgary: Ceramics health hazards
• Digitalfire: Toxicity
• Digitalfire: Kiln fumes
• Digitalfire: Barium and compounds toxicology
• Digitalfire: Manganese inorganic compounds toxicology
• JSP: What levels of protection do particulate filters provide?
• JSP: Why is a clean shave essential for a proper tight-fitting respirator seal?
• Skutt: Kiln room design and product specifications
• CIRMA: Kiln safety bulletin (2025)
• Ceramic Arts Network: Dave Finkelnburg, How and why to use a kiln vent
• CCSA and Orton: What is so bad about fumes?