Gasa a cikin kiln mai sauƙi

Cone: abin da suke aunawa

Ku fara bin littafin jagora na kiln ɗinku. Wannan jagora ya tattara abin da masu yin cone da masu yin kiln suke wallafawa game da kiln na lantarki masu sauƙi; ba ya maye gurbin umarnin samfurin kiln ɗinku, kuma inda biyun suka saɓa, littafin jagora na kiln shi ne ake bi.

Pyrometric cone (mazugi) wani ɗan ƙaramin mazugi ne siriri mai siffar dala, wanda aka yi da garin yumɓu na ma'auni ɗaya. Idan ya sami isasshen zafi, yakan yi laushi ya lanƙwasa ta hanyar da take maimaituwa iri ɗaya. Kuna ajiye cone a cikin kiln (murhun gasa tukwane) kusa da tukwane, sannan ku karanta yadda suka lanƙwasa.

Cone suna auna heatwork (aikin zafi), wato tasirin zafi da lokaci a haɗe. A kalaman Orton, babban mai yin cone a Amurka, "Cone ba zafi kaɗai suke aunawa ba." Cone da aka zafafa a hankali yakan lanƙwasa a zafin da ya fi ƙasa da na wanda aka zafafa da sauri, kuma glaze ma haka yake. Saboda haka Orton yana bayar da zafin kowane cone a wani gudun hawan zafi da aka faɗa, a cikin 100 °C (180 °F) na ƙarshe na gasar. Da zarar cone ya fara motsi, yakan lanƙwasa cikin ɗan ƙaramin tazara, "galibi ƙasa da 40° F" (22 °C).

Lambobin cone

Lambobin cone suna farawa daga 022, mafi ƙarancin zafi, har zuwa 42. Sifiri a gaba yana nuna jerin masu ƙarancin zafi, kuma ana karanta shi "oh": cone 06 ("oh-six") bai kai cone 04 zafi ba, kuma cone 01 yana buƙatar zafi ƙasa da cone 1. Orton ya yi gargaɗin cewa yana da muhimmanci kada a haɗa jerin biyun. Tazarar tana da girma: cone 06 yana lanƙwasa a zafin da ya fi na cone 6 sanyi da sama da 220 °C (400 °F).

Masu sayar da kaya a Birtaniya, Turai, Australia da New Zealand sukan bayar da zafi a °C maimakon cone: ku nemi cone mafi kusa a jadawalin da ke ƙasa, sannan ku tabbatar da shi da cone mai shaida (witness cone). Cone na Seger da na Staffordshire, tsofaffin jerin cone na Turai, bai kamata a ɗauka cewa lambobinsu ɗaya ne da na Orton ba, don haka wannan jagora yana amfani da cone na Orton.

Tsayawa yana ƙara aikin zafi

Hold (tsayawa, ana kuma ce masa soak) yana riƙe kiln a zafi ɗaya na ɗan lokaci. Domin cone suna auna aikin zafi, tsayawa a ƙoli zai iya maye gurbin ƙoli mai zafi fiye da haka. Orton yana bayar da waɗannan kimantawa:

Orton ya ƙara da cewa tsayawa na awa 1–2 "zai iya isa ya lanƙwasa cone na lamba ta gaba mai zafi".

Don haka tsayawa ba ya taɓa zama kyauta: idan kuka ƙara shi, ku sa ran cone za su ƙara lanƙwasawa, kuma ku rage ƙolin daidai da haka.

Nau'o'in cone

Orton yana yin nau'i huɗu. Biyu suna tsayawa a kan shiryayye don nuna abin da tukwane suka samu; biyu kuma na kiln sitter ne.

Tsayi yana da muhimmanci: bambancin ¼ inci (6 mm) a tsayin babban cone "zai iya kawo bambancin lanƙwasa fiye da rabin cone". Cone ba sa lalacewa ko tsufa, kuma ajiye su a wuri mai danshi ba ya shafar su.

Ma'anar "cone 6" a aikace

Jadawalin yana bayar da cone 6 mai tsayawa da kansa a matsayin 1222 °C (2232 °F), amma sai idan 100 °C (180 °F) na ƙarshe sun hau a 60 °C/h (108 °F/h). Idan zafin ya hau a 150 °C/h (270 °F/h), cone ɗin dai yana lanƙwasa a 1243 °C (2269 °F). Kiln na gaske ma sun bambanta: Digitalfire ya ruwaito cewa "Yawancin kiln suna kaiwa cone 6 a 2200°F, ba 2232°F ba". Don haka "cone 6" yana nufin tukwane sun sami aikin zafin da yake lanƙwasa cone 6, ko me ma'aunin zafi ya karanta a lokacin.

Ku gasa bisa cone, ba bisa agogo ko lambar suwis ba. Ku saita controller da lambar cone, kuma ku bar cone mai shaida a kan shiryayye ya tabbatar da kowace gasa.

Jadawalin cone

Waɗannan alƙaluma daga jadawalin cone na Orton ne (©2001) na cone masu tsayawa da kansu; cone 11 zuwa 14 daga jadawalan da Orton yake wallafawa yanzu ne, waɗanda suke bayar da alƙaluma iri ɗaya inda suka haɗu, kuma cone 13 da 14 a °C kaɗai (an juya °F ɗinsu a nan). Ku zaɓi layin da ya dace da gudun hawan zafin kiln ɗinku a cikin 100 °C (180 °F) na ƙarshe. Ƙa'idar Orton ta gaba ɗaya ita ce layin 150 °C/h (270 °F/h) ga gasa mai sauri, layin 60 °C/h (108 °F/h) ga matsakaiciya, da layin 15 °C/h (27 °F/h) ga mai jinkiri. Don lissafa gudu, ku raba zafin da ya hau da awannin da ya ɗauka: kiln da ya hau 500 °C (900 °F) cikin awa 3 yana zafafa a kusan 167 °C/h (300 °F/h).

Layin ɗigo (–) yana nuna alƙalamin da ba a kwafo a nan ba; ku duba cikakken jadawalin Orton don shi.

Orton yana yin cone har zuwa 42 don ayyukan zafi mai yawa, amma yana wallafa zafi ne har zuwa cone 14 kaɗai; ga cone masu zafi fiye da haka, jadawalansa suna "samuwa (idan an nema)". Wani tsohon jadawalin Orton, kamar yadda masu yin kiln suke sake bugawa, yana bayar da babban cone 15 a matsayin 1431 °C (2608 °F) a 150 °C/h (270 °F/h), kuma ba mu sami wani alƙalami da aka wallafa na cone 16 ko sama da shi ba. Bayan cone 14, ku kafa cone masu shaida ku bi su, kuma ku tabbatar cewa an ƙera kiln ɗinku don wannan zafin.

Manyan cone suna karantuwa cikin 'yan digiri kaɗan na waɗannan alƙaluma: babban cone 6 a 60 °C/h (108 °F/h) yana 1220 °C (2228 °F). Ƙananan cone, irin da ake sakawa a kiln sitter, an jera su a 300 °C/h (540 °F/h) kaɗai, don haka jadawalin yana bayar da ƙaramin cone 6 a matsayin 1255 °C (2291 °F). Wannan ba shi ne zafin da sitter yake kashe kiln ba. Aikin cone na sitter shi ne ya yi daidai da cone na shiryayye, kuma cone na shiryayye shi ne yake da magana ta ƙarshe.

Gargaɗi biyu. Ƙasidar Orton ta 2019 tana bayar da cone 06 a gudu mai sauri a matsayin 1024 °C (1875 °F), amma jadawalin da FAQ na Orton duka suna bayar da 1013 °C (1855 °F), wanda muka yi amfani da shi a nan. Kuma teburin manyan cone a ƙarshen littafin jagora na kiln sitter na Dawson yana da kurakuran kwafi (cone 5 ya fi cone 6 zafi), don haka kada ku yi amfani da shi.

Kafa rukunin cone

Cone mai shaida (witness cone) cone ne da aka kafa a kan shiryayye kusa da tukwane, inda yake samun zafi ɗaya da su. Orton ya faɗi aikinsa a fili: "Ma'aunin aikin zafi na gaskiya kaɗai shi ne daga babban cone ko mai tsayawa da kansa da aka ajiye a kan shiryayye kusa da tukwane." Kiln sitter yana kusa da bango, kuma sandar auna zafi ta controller ko ta pyrometer tana karanta zafin kusa da bango; cone mai shaida yana karanta inda tukwane suke.

Rukunin cone (cone pack) cone masu shaida uku ne da aka kafa tare, lamba ɗaya tsakanin kowanne:

Cone masu tsayawa da kansu ko plaque

L&L, mai yin kiln a Amurka, yana ba da shawarar cone masu tsayawa da kansu ga rukunin "saboda su ne mafi sauƙin amfani kuma suna bayar da sakamako mafi daidaito": tsayinsu da karkatarsu suna cikin jikinsu.

Manyan cone suna buƙatar plaque (mariƙin da aka riga aka yi) ko dunƙulen yumɓu mai laushi, mai ramuka, wanda aka huda da fensir. Ku kafa kowanne inda daidai 2 inci (51 mm) suke bayyane, yana karkata 8° daga tsaye zuwa fuskar lanƙwasarsa. Don gano wannan fuska, ku tsayar da cone a kan gindinsa a wuri mai lebur, ku riƙe shi ta ƙarshensa, sannan ku sake shi: zai faɗi zuwa fuskar lanƙwasarsa.

Inda za a ajiye rukunan

1. Ku ajiye rukunin "can cikin kiln, amma kuma... ana iya ganinsa ta ramin leƙe" (Orton), kusa da tsakiyar kayan da aka loda kuma nesa da iska mai shigowa (L&L). Ba daidai a bakin ramin leƙe ba: ya kamata cone su ji zafin da tukwane suke ji.
2. Kafin ku rufe murfi, ku leƙa ta ramin leƙe ku tabbatar cewa kuna ganin cone ukun duka.
3. A kiln mai sitter, ku ajiye shiryayyen rukunin aƙalla 1 inci (25 mm) sama ko ƙasa da bututun sitter, don kada shiryayye mai karkata ya toshe sitter.
4. A gasarku ta farko-farko, ku ajiye rukuni a shiryayyen sama, na tsakiya da na ƙasa. Gwajin daidaitawa na L&L ya fi haka: rukunai biyu na cone 07, 06 da 05 a kowane shiryayye, ɗaya a gefe ɗaya kuma a tsakiya.

Ku sa ran bambanci: Orton ya ce "Galibi, za ku ga aƙalla bambancin cone ɗaya daga sama zuwa ƙasan kiln", kuma wuraren da aka cika sosai suna gasuwa da ƙarancin zafi. Rukunan da ba ku iya gani yayin gasa suna bayar da bayani bayan gasar.

Kiln sitter

Kiln sitter makunni ne na inji, a wajen kiln masu sauƙi da tsofaffi da yawa, wanda yake kashe kiln idan ƙaramin cone ya lanƙwasa. Wanda aka fi sani shi ne Dawson Kiln-Sitter. Yana sauƙaƙa gasa, amma abin sauƙi ne kawai, ba na'urar tsaro ba.

Yadda yake aiki

Wani bututun porcelain yana shiga cikin kiln. A ƙarshensa, ƙaramin cone ko sanda yana kwance a kan mariƙan ƙarfe biyu, ƙarƙashin sensing rod (sandar ji) wadda take juyawa kamar allon wasan sama-da-ƙasa. A wajen kiln, ɗayan ƙarshen sandar yana riƙe da wani nauyi ta ƙaramar ƙugiya. Idan cone ya yi laushi ya lanƙwasa zuwa kusan 90°, sandar tana saukowa har ta saki nauyin, nauyin ya faɗi, kuma wutar da ke zuwa elements (wayoyin zafi) ta yanke.

Ƙananan cone da sanduna "suna bayar da gasa daidai da juna". Orton ya lura cewa masu farawa da yawa suna zaɓar sanduna, domin siffarsu mai kauri ɗaya tana sauƙaƙa ajiye su ta hanya ɗaya kowane lokaci. Ƙaramin cone yana siriri zuwa ƙarshe, don haka inda yake zaune yana da muhimmanci: idan siririn ɓangarensa yana ƙarƙashin sandar, kiln yana kashewa da ƙarancin zafi, idan kuma ɓangarensa mai kauri ne, da zafi fiye, bambanci "har ya kai 1/2 cone".

Wane cone ake sakawa a sitter

Majiyoyi sun saɓa. Dawson, wanda ya yi sitter, ya ce a yi amfani da lamba ɗaya da cone na gasa da ke kan shiryayye, kuma a koma lamba ɗaya mai zafi fiye kawai idan cone na shiryayye bai lanƙwasa ba. L&L ya ce a yi amfani da lamba ɗaya mai zafi fiye da cone na shiryayye, domin sitter yana kusa da bango da elements, yana samun zafi fiye, kuma yakan kashe da wuri. Orton ya warware ƙa'idar: "Cone na shiryayye shi ne alƙalin ƙarshe na gasar, ba cone ko sandar Kiln-Sitter ba."

Inda muke ba da shawarar farawa: ku saka ƙaramin cone mai lamba ɗaya da burin zafinku a sitter, tare da rukunin cone a kan shiryayye. Idan cone na gasa na shiryayye bai lanƙwasa sosai ba lokacin da kiln ya kashe, a gasa ta gaba ku koma lamba ɗaya mai zafi fiye a sitter, ko ku sa ɓangaren cone mai kauri a ƙarƙashin sandar. Idan ya lanƙwasa fiye da kima, ku yi akasin haka.

Kafa shi, da bincike kafin kowace gasa

Hanyar Dawson, wadda kuma take aiki a matsayin bincike kafin kowace gasa:

1. Ku kashe dukkan suwis. Ku tabbatar cewa sandar ji tana motsi ba tare da tsaiko ba, tana zaune a tsakiyar bututun, kuma ba ta lanƙwashe ko ta yi tsatsa ba. Idan tana da nauyin motsi, Dawson ya ce a sauya bututun gaba ɗaya.
2. Ku shafa siririn kiln wash na zafi mai yawa (shafen da yake hana abu da ya narke mannewa) a kan mariƙan cone da kuma sandar inda take taɓa cone. Kada ku taɓa shafa wash a kan cone ko bututun porcelain.
3. Ku loda shiryayyu da tukwane aƙalla 1 inci (25 mm) sama ko ƙasa da bututun, don kada wani abu ya taɓa shi, ya faɗa masa ko ya toshe shi.
4. Ku ɗaga nauyin, ku danna ƙugiyar ƙasa a kan maɓallin sakin, sannan ku kwantar da cone ko sandar a kan mariƙan, jingine da matakin ƙarfe, kamar yadda littafin jagora na sitter ɗinku ya nuna, ta hanya ɗaya kowane lokaci. Ku sake dubawa kafin ku rufe murfi: "CONE KO SANDAR DA BA A AJIYE DAIDAI BA ZAI IYA JAWO GASA FIYE DA KIMA."
5. Ku saita limit timer ku tura plunger ciki har ya kulle. Ku riƙe kiln a daidaice, kuma ku bar wurin da ke ƙarƙashin nauyin a buɗe, don nauyin ya iya faɗuwa.

Limit timer

Sitter da yawa, ciki har da samfuran LT na Dawson, suna da limit timer (agogon iyaka): agogo da yake kashe kiln bayan wani lokaci da aka saita, a matsayin madadin "idan KILN-SITTER ya kasa aiki". Ya kamata a koyaushe a saita shi fiye da lokacin da ake tsammanin gasar za ta ɗauka. Majiyoyi suna saita ƙarin lokacin daban-daban:

Inda muke ba da shawarar farawa: mai yawa a karon farko (cikin awa 20 na agogon), sannan awa ½ zuwa 1 fiye da lokacin da kuka rubuta. Agogon kuma yana gaya muku tsawon lokacin da gasa ta ɗauka: an saita a 7, ya ƙare a 1, yana nufin awa 6.

Idan ya kashe da wuri ko a makare

Bayan kowace gasa, ku karanta cone na sitter tare da cone na shiryayye.

Don duba daidaiton, Dawson yana amfani da firing gauge (ma'aunin gasa) wanda yake riƙe sandar inda cone da ya lanƙwasa gaba ɗaya zai bar ta; sannan ya kamata a sami "tazarar 1/16 inci" (kusan 1.6 mm) a ƙugiyar. Ku duba shi bayan kowace gasa 30. Ƙa'idar Ceramics Monthly: idan kiln yana kashewa da wuri, ku ɗaga trigger plate kaɗan; idan a makare, ku saukar da shi kaɗan. Ko me sitter ya yi, "Koyaushe ku amince da manyan cone masu shaida fiye da ƙananan cone na sitter."

An gina sitter don gasa "har zuwa da kuma cone 8". Ba zai iya riƙe zafi ko ya huce a hankali da kansa ba. Amma da gwaninta da littafin rubutu, kuna iya "zama controller ɗin", kamar yadda Digitalfire ya faɗa: ku kalli cone ku juya suwis da hannu.

Karanta cone

Ana karanta cone sau biyu: ta ramin leƙe yayin da kiln yake gasawa, da kuma a hannunku bayan ya huce.

Yayin gasa

Ramin leƙe (peephole) ɗan ƙaramin rami ne ta bangon kiln, wanda ake rufewa da toshe mai cirewa. Kada ku taɓa leƙawa ba tare da kariyar ido ba. Orton ya ce "Ya kamata a yi amfani da gilashin walda don guje wa yiwuwar raunin ido. Ba a ba da shawarar gilashin rana ba." Gilashin walda na shade 3, masu kariya daga infrared, su ne aka fi ba da shawara; ku yi amfani da masu duhu fiye idan kuna ganin tabo bayan haka.

• Idan cone mai jagora ya fara lanƙwasawa, ƙarshe ya kusa: ku kalla sosai daga nan.
• Da zarar cone ya fara, yana ɗaukar minti 15 zuwa 25 kafin ya lanƙwasa (sabuwar ƙasidar Orton ta ce 15 zuwa 22), a hankali da farko, sannan da sauri da zarar ya wuce rabi, a ƙarfe 3.
• Cone na gasa ya gama idan ƙarshensa ya yi daidai da gindinsa.

A kiln na hannu, ramin leƙe ne kaɗai alamarku a lokacin gasa, shi ya sa dole rukunin ya zauna inda kuke iya ganinsa.

Bayan gasa

Orton yana karanta lanƙwasar kamar fuskar agogo. Cone da bai lanƙwasa ba yana nuna sama, a ƙarfe 12; cone da yake taɓa shiryayye yana a ƙarfe 6. Ƙarshen shi ne lanƙwasa ta 90°, ƙarshen cone daidai da gindinsa: wurin da aka auna zafin jadawalin, kuma Orton yana ɗaukar cone da yake ko'ina daga ƙarfe 5 zuwa 6 a matsayin wanda aka gasa daidai. Tsakanin ƙarfe 4 da taɓa shiryayye bambancin ƙarami ne, "galibi digiri 1 ko 2".

Gyara a gaba

Cone offset wani saiti ne na controller wanda yake ɗaga ko saukar da zafinsa na wani cone don ya yi daidai da abin da cone masu shaidarku suke nunawa. Ku ajiye kowane rukunin da aka gasa ku rubuta yadda kowanne ya lanƙwasa (duba Bayan gasa, a ƙasa).

Gasa bisque

Gasar bisque (gasa ta farko; biscuit a Birtaniya) ita ce gasa ta farko, mai ƙarancin zafi, wadda take mayar da busasshen yumɓu tukwane masu ƙarfi, masu ramuka, shirye don shafa glaze. Galibi ana gasa ta zuwa cone 06–04, 998–1063 °C (1828–1945 °F) a jadawalin Orton; maginan Birtaniya sukan gasa zuwa kusan 1000 °C (1832 °F), kusa da cone 06. Ya kamata bisque ya kasance mai ramuka, "galibi fiye da 15%" (Digitalfire), domin ya tsotse ruwa daga glaze. Bisque mai laushi da yawa yakan ɗauki glaze da kauri sosai, wanda daga baya yake tsagewa ya yi crawling (ya janye ya zama tsibirai, ya bar yumɓu a fili). Bisque da ba a gasa shi isasshe ba kuma "yana ci gaba da raguwa yayin gasa glaze", abin da yake ɓata dacewar glaze. Loda yana da sauƙi: tukwane za su iya taɓa juna, ana iya gasa murfi a kan tukwanensu, kuma kwanuka suna haɗuwa baki da baki maimakon a saka ɗaya cikin ɗaya.

Dalilin da ya sa farkon gasa yake tafiya a hankali

Ruwa yana faɗaɗa fiye da sau dubu idan ya zama tururi, don haka dole a busar da tukwane masu danshi a hankali. L&L da Orton suna ba da shawara cewa "Ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan na musamman ƙasa da 1500°F (815°C) don a zafafa yumɓun daidai", kuma dole a ƙone carbon kafin kusan 650 °C (1200 °F). Sama da 816 °C (1500 °F) kiln zai iya hawa da sauri.

Quartz inversion shi ne sauyin girma farat ɗaya na silica da ke cikin yumɓu a 573 °C (1063 °F): yana faɗaɗa a hanyar hawa kuma yana raguwa a hanyar sauka. Slow Bisque na L&L yana rage gudu a cikinsa, tsakanin 538 °C (1000 °F) da 593 °C (1100 °F). Digitalfire ya gano wannan "ba dole ba ne ga gasar bisque", kuma Ceramics Monthly ya ce galibi yana da muhimmanci ne yayin huce tukwane masu kauri da tauri. Rage gudu ba ya tsada sosai, don haka shawararmu ita ce a riƙe shi ga tukwane masu kauri.

Candling: busarwa a cikin kiln

Candling yana nufin riƙe kiln a ƙaramin zafi, da murfi a ɗan buɗe ko vent (mafitar hayaƙi) yana aiki, har sai danshin ƙarshe ya fita daga tukwane. Majiyoyi sun saɓa kan zafin:

Inda muke ba da shawarar farawa: ku hau a hankali zuwa zafin da bai wuce kusan 121 °C (250 °F) ba, kuma ku tsaya har sai madubi a bakin vent ya kasance a fili. Ku tsaya dare guda ga tukwane masu kauri ko masu danshi.

Gwajin madubi: ku riƙe madubi mai zafin ɗaki a bakin ramin vent ko a gibin da ke ƙarƙashin murfin da aka ɗan buɗe. Idan ya yi hazo, ruwa yana ci gaba da fita; ku jira, sannan ku sake gwadawa.

Jadawalan controller

Controller (na'urar sarrafa gasa) na'ura ce ta lantarki da take gasa kiln ta hanyar schedule (jadawalin gasa): jerin segments (matakai), kowanne gudun hawan zafi (ramp), zafin buri da tsayawa idan an so. A ƙasa akwai saitattun shirye-shirye biyu daga controller na DynaTrol na L&L da na Bartlett, da jadawalin da Digitalfire ya wallafa. "Ƙoli" shi ne zafin controller ɗin kansa na cone da kuka zaɓa: ga cone 04 shi ne 1052 °C (1926 °F), ga cone 06 kuma, 993 °C (1819 °F).

Lokutan L&L "na kiln mafi sauri da babu kaya ne"; kiln da aka loda zai iya ɗaukar har sau huɗu fiye da haka, kuma duk wani tsayawa da kuka ƙara ƙarin aikin zafi ne da saitattun shirye-shiryen ba su lissafa ba. L&L yana ba da shawarar Slow Bisque, tare da preheat na awa 2–3 ko fiye, ga manyan tukwane ko masu danshi, kuma yana gargaɗi game da gasa da sauri, wadda "za ta iya jawo lahani kamar pinholes, tsagewa, da rashin ƙonewar abubuwa isasshe".

BQ1000 yana ɗaukar kusan awa 7 da minti 44. Marubucinsa yana ganin har zuwa 278 °C/h (500 °F/h) babu laifi ga tukwane sirara, busassu, kuma yana rage gudun mataki na ƙarshe don daidaita zafi a cikin kayan da aka loda.

Cone na controller da jadawalin Orton

Controller na L&L da Bartlett suna amfani da 1052 °C (1926 °F) ga cone 04 da 993 °C (1819 °F) ga cone 06, ɗan ƙasa da 1063 °C (1945 °F) da 998 °C (1828 °F) na Orton; suna daidaituwa a cone 6 da cone 10. Cone masu shaida suna warware bambancin: idan sun saɓa da controller, ku gyara shi da cone offset.

A kiln na hannu

Kiln na hannu yana bin tsari ɗaya da hannu: ku busar a hankali da murfi a ɗan buɗe da ramukan leƙe a buɗe, ku ɗaga suwis daga Low (ƙasa) zuwa Medium (tsakiya) zuwa High (sama), kuma ku bar sitter ya gama gasar. Hanyoyin da aka wallafa suna ƙarƙashin Kiln na hannu dalla-dalla, a ƙasa.

Gasa glaze

Gasa glaze tana narkar da glaze ya zama gilashi a kan bisque. Yawancin masu farawa suna gasa glaze na zafi ƙasa a cone 06–04 ko glaze na zafi tsakiya a cone 5–6. Ku gasa zuwa cone ɗin da ke kan alamomin yumɓunku da glaze ɗinku, tare da rukunin cone a kewayen wannan lamba. Don abin da yake faruwa a cikin glaze yayin da yake narkewa, duba Tushen glaze.

Loda don gasa glaze

• Kada tukwanen da aka shafa wa glaze su taɓa juna ko bango: ku bar kusan ½ inci (13 mm).
• Ku hana glaze hawa ƙafar tukunya (dry-footing), ko ku ajiye tukwane na zafi ƙasa a kan stilts, ƙananan mariƙai masu tsini. Bai kamata stoneware da porcelain su tsaya a kan stilts ba, domin suna nutsewa cikinsu a waɗannan zafin; ku yi amfani da kiln wash na zafi mai yawa ko yashin silica a maimakon haka.
• Ku bar aƙalla 1 inci (25 mm) tsakanin gefen shiryayyu da bango ko sitter.

Jadawalan controller

Slow Glaze shi ne zaɓi mafi aminci na farko, saboda gargaɗin L&L game da gasa da sauri. Idan kuka ƙara tsayawa fiye da minti 5–10 a ƙoli, L&L ya ce a rage burin ko cone offset daidai da haka, kuma ya lura cewa "Tsayawa a zafi mai yawa yana hanzarta zaizayar elements da thermocouple."

Cone 6: drop-and-hold

Glaze na zafi tsakiya wani lokaci yakan fito da pinholes (ƙananan ramuka a saman) ko kumbura, waɗanda iskar gas da take fitowa daga narkakken glaze ta bari. Jadawalin drop-and-hold (sauka da tsayawa) yana gasa zuwa ƙoli, yana huce da sauri da kusan 56 °C (100 °F) kuma yana tsayawa a can. A kalaman Digitalfire, "Saukowa 100°F da tsayawa yana ba narkakken glaze isasshen kauri don fasa kumfa, amma har yanzu yana barin su warke."

PLC6DS yana ɗaukar kusan awa 9 da minti 36. Ga glaze masu gudana fiye, Digitalfire yana sauka kusan 111 °C (200 °F) a maimakon haka; sauka da nisa sosai "yana jawo haɗarin samuwar crystals yayin tsayawa". Ƙolinsa na 1204 °C (2200 °F) yana ƙasa da 1222 °C (2232 °F) na jadawalin ga cone 6; Digitalfire ya ruwaito cewa yawancin kiln suna kaiwa cone 6 a kusan 1204 °C (2200 °F). Ku duba shi da rukunin cone a kiln ɗinku.

Huce a hankali

Slow cooling (huce a hankali) yana nufin controller yana huce kiln a wani gudu da aka saita maimakon barin zafi ya sauka yadda yake so. C6DHSC na Digitalfire shi ne PLC6DS da huce a 83 °C/h (150 °F/h) daga 1148 °C (2100 °F) zuwa 760 °C (1400 °F) ya biyo baya, sannan a kashe. "Yana inganta haske da ingancin saman" kuma yana taimakon shuɗin rutile, amma huce a hankali "zai iya ƙara rashin sheƙi" (wani glaze marar sheƙi ya bushe) kuma zai iya rage tsawon rayuwar relays na kiln. L&L ma yana bayar da shirin huce a hankali na cone 6:

Controller na Skutt su ma suna bayar da preheat da zaɓin huce na mataki ɗaya.

A kiln na hannu

Kiln na hannu ba zai iya bin waɗannan jadawalan daidai ba, amma tsarin ɗaya ne: a hankali da farko, daidai a tsakiya, da ƙarshe da ake kallo. Jadawalin glaze na zafi ƙasa na Bracker's yana ƙarƙashin Kiln na hannu dalla-dalla, a ƙasa; ga cone masu zafi fiye, yana ƙara "matsakaicin minti 15–30 ga kowace lambar cone". Da pyrometer, gwaninta da littafin rubutu, za ku iya kwaikwayon drop-and-hold ko huce a hankali kusan-kusan ta hanyar rage suwis da hannu, kamar yadda Digitalfire ya ba da shawara.

Kiln na hannu dalla-dalla

Yadda suwis suke aiki

Tsofaffin kiln (L&L ya ce galibi waɗanda aka yi kafin 1975) suna da suwis masu matsayi huɗu: Off (a kashe), Low (ƙasa), Medium (tsakiya) da High (sama), babu komai a tsakani. Kiln na baya suna amfani da infinite switches (suwis marasa iyaka), masu alamar Off, sannan 1 zuwa 11, sannan High a kiln na L&L. Infinite switch ba ya aika ƙarancin wuta. Yana kunna elements gaba ɗaya ya kashe su a zagaye mai maimaituwa: a Low, L&L ya ce, "za su iya kasancewa a kunne kamar daƙiƙa 7, a kashe daƙiƙa 23 a zagaye na daƙiƙa 30". Yayin da saitin yake ƙaruwa, suna daɗewa a kunne, kuma a High suna kunne kodayaushe. Lambobin ba kaso daidai ba ne, don haka ku koyi kiln ɗinku da cone da rubuce-rubuce.

Hanyar L&L ta gaba ɗaya

Hanyar da L&L yake ba da shawara ga kiln mai suwis uku, sitter kuma babu vent:

Jadawalan Bracker's

Bracker's Good Earth Clays, mai sayar da yumɓu a Amurka, yana wallafa waɗannan ga kiln na hannu marasa vent:

Bracker's bai faɗi wane cone na shiryayye cone na sitter na bisque ɗinsa yake daidai da shi ba, don haka ku duba da rukunin cone naku. Da downdraft vent, matakan ɗaya ne, amma vent ɗin yana aiki tsawon gasar da hucewa, kuma murfi yana rufe. Bracker's ya kuma ba da shawarar a jera: a ɗaga suwis ɗaya bayan ɗaya, kusan minti 30 tsakaninsu.

Lokacin rufe murfi da toshe ramukan leƙe

Inda muke ba da shawarar farawa: ku rufe murfi da zarar madubin da aka riƙe a gibin bai sake yin hazo ba, kuma a jan wuta mara haske ku toshe kowane ramin leƙe sai na sama, wanda yake zama a buɗe tsawon gasar gaba ɗaya.

Daidaita sama da ƙasa

Idan rukunan cone ɗinku suna nuna ƙasa yana gasuwa da ƙarancin zafi fiye da sama, Orton yana ba da shawarar a fara da suwis na ƙasa a Medium sauran kuma a Low, sannan a fara juya na ƙasa zuwa High. Ko ku bar suwis na sama a kashe har sai sauran sun kai Medium, sannan ku ɗaga na saman mataki ɗaya a bayansu, kuna riƙe shi a Medium na kusan awa ɗaya bayan sauran sun koma High. Wuraren da aka cika sosai suna gasuwa da ƙarancin zafi, kuma kaya masu nauyi suna ɗaukar lokaci fiye.

Inda za a fara da kiln ɗinku

Idan kiln ɗinku ya zo ba tare da umarni ba, teburin da ke ƙasa wurin farawa ne da muka haɗa daga hanyoyin da aka wallafa a sama. Ba jadawali ne da aka wallafa ba. Ku daidaita shi da cone masu shaida kuma ku gyara shi daga rubuce-rubucenku; ku tsawaita kowane mataki ga kaya masu nauyi ko tukwane masu kauri.

Idan sitter ya kashe kafin cone na shiryayye su kwanta, ku koma cone ɗaya mai zafi fiye a sitter a gaba, kamar yadda L&L yake ba da shawara.

Amfani da pyrometer

Pyrometer ma'aunin zafi ne da ake karantawa daga thermocouple, wata sanda mai auna zafi da ta ratsa bangon kiln. Yana nuna yadda kiln yake hawa da sauri, don ku zaɓi layin da ya dace na jadawalin cone. Amma yana karantawa kusa da bango, ba a wurin tukwane ba, kuma yana sauyawa a hankali. L&L ya lura cewa thermocouple na type K zai iya kauce wa gaskiya da fiye da 14 °C (25 °F) bayan gasa cone 6 da yawa, "bambancin da ya fi cikakken cone ɗaya", yayin da cone mai tsayawa da kansa yake bambanta da abin da bai wuce 2 °C (4 °F) ba. Orton ya ce pyrometer suna buƙatar sake daidaitawa lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma cone su ne hanyar duba su.

Fitar da hayaƙi, leƙawa da tsaro

Fitar da hayaƙi

A farkon gasa, yumɓu da glaze suna fitar da tururin ruwa da hayaƙi, ciki har da carbon monoxide, kuma glaze za su iya fitar da hayaƙi mai guba a ƙarshen gasa ma. L&L ya kira fitar da su "dole". Idan babu tsarin vent, wannan yana nufin murfi a ɗan buɗe da ramukan leƙe a buɗe a matakan farko, kamar a hanyoyin da ke sama; rage gudun zafafawa a wannan lokaci kuma yana taimakon carbon ya ƙone ya fita. A kiln mara vent, Dawson, wanda ya yi sitter, ya kuma ce a bar ramin leƙe na sama a buɗe tsawon gasar gaba ɗaya: fitar da hayaƙin "zai rage lalacewar sassan ƙarfe na kiln kuma ya ƙara tsawon rayuwar bututun". Downdraft vent (vent mai amfani da wuta da aka haɗa da kiln) yana canza wannan. Shi yake fitar da hayaƙin, don haka Orton ya ce murfi da ramukan leƙe suna zama a rufe tsawon gasar gaba ɗaya sai don duba cone, kuma L&L ya ce a bar vent a kunne a toshe ramukan leƙe.

Don fitar da hayaƙi daga ɗaki, da ƙararrawar carbon monoxide, duba Haɗawa cikin aminci da iska mai kyau da Kada ka sa wa iyalinka guba.

Yayin da kiln yake gasawa

• Ku leƙa ta ramin leƙe sai da gilashin walda na shade 3 masu kariya daga IR kaɗai; gilashin rana ba su isa ba. Skutt yana ba da shawarar a murɗa toshen a wurinsu don kada su faɗi.
• Ku zauna kusa ku duba kiln yayin da yake gasawa, musamman kusa da lokacin da ake tsammanin zai gama; sitter ba na'urar tsaro mai tabbaci ba ne. Ku gasa ne kawai idan wani babba zai kasance a gida kuma a farke tsawon gasar gaba ɗaya.
• Kada ku taɓa gasa a kan ko kusa da wani abu mai ci da wuta, kamar ƙasan katako ko kafet.
• Ku kiyaye tazarar da ke cikin littafin jagorarku. Alƙaluman da aka wallafa suna daga 12 inci (30 cm) zuwa 3 ƙafa (91 cm); inda littafin bai faɗi ba, 18 inci (46 cm) daga bango da 3 ƙafa (91 cm) daga duk wani abu mai ci da wuta shi ne zaɓi mafi aminci.
• Ku bar wurin da ke kewayen nauyin sitter a buɗe don ya iya faɗuwa.
• Idan gasa ta ƙare, ku kashe suwis ku kuma kashe breaker.

Hucewa da sauke kaya

Hucewa ɓangare ne na gasa. L&L da Orton suna ba da shawara: "Ku bar kiln ya huce da kansa da murfi a rufe", da "Kada ku taɓa shigar da iska mai sanyi cikin kiln mai zafi." Buɗewa da wuri "zai iya jawo tsagewa", kuma silica da ke cikin tukwane yana raguwa farat ɗaya yayin da yake hucewa ya wuce 573 °C (1063 °F). Idan babu controller, ku riƙe kiln a rufe "har sai zafi ya sauka ƙasa sosai da jan wuta (900°F / 482°C)", kuma aƙalla awa 8. Kada ku taɓa tilasta wa kiln da yake har yanzu yana haske ya huce. Tsagewa masu kaifi a tukwanen da aka gasa alama ce ta huce da sauri sosai.

Lokacin buɗewa da sauke kaya

Shawararmu: ku buɗe murfi sai ƙasa da kusan 93 °C (200 °F) kaɗai, kuma ku sauke kaya ƙasa da kusan 52 °C (125 °F), ko lokacin da kuke iya riƙe tukwane cikin sauƙi da hannu ba tare da kariya ba. Kayan glaze, masu tauri da kama da gilashi, suna buƙatar haƙuri fiye da bisque. Idan babu pyrometer, ku jira har sai kiln ya huce gaba ɗaya.

Ku karanta cone masu shaida da zarar kun buɗe kiln, kafin a motsa komai, kuma ku rubuta abin da kuka gani tun yana sabo a zuciyarku.

Bayan gasa

Ku rubuta shi

Ku rubuta kowace gasa: kwanan wata, kiln, kayan da aka loda, jadawalin ko lokutan suwis, karatun agogo, da yadda kowane cone mai shaida da cone na sitter suka lanƙwasa, shiryayye bayan shiryayye. Ku ajiye cone ɗin da aka gasa ma. Orton ya lura cewa "Kwatanta sakamakon gasa 6 zuwa 10 na ƙarshe zai nuna sauye-sauye a hankali da suke faruwa a kiln, kamar tsufar elements." Bayanan gasa na Glazecalc za su iya riƙe waɗannan rubuce-rubuce, da ginshiƙan da kuka zaɓa kamar lokaci, zafi, cone, ramp da tsayawa; sakamakon glaze zai iya shiga bayananku.

Kula da kiln sitter

• Ku goge mariƙan cone "bayan kowace gasa da ƙaramin burushin waya". Idan wash ko narkakken cone ba ya fita, ku juya mariƙan ko ku sauya su; Dawson yana ba da shawarar a tanadi mariƙai nau'i biyu.
• "KADA KU TAƁA AMFANI DA MAI MAI SANYA SULUƁI KOWANE IRI A KAN KILN-SITTER."
• Ku duba wurin juyawa bayan kowane wata 6–12, kuma ku sauya sandar da ta lanƙwashe ko ta zaizaye.
• Ku duba daidaiton da firing gauge bayan kowace gasa 30.

Shiryayyu da kiln wash

Kiln wash (shafen kare shiryayye) yana kare shiryayyu daga glaze da yake ɗiga kuma yana barin tukwanen da aka gasa su tashi cikin sauƙi. Ku shafa shi a saman kowane shiryayye da ƙasan kiln kaɗai, "kusan kaurin katin waya". Mafi kyawun hanyar L&L ita ce shafi sirara uku, a gasa tsakanin shafi da shafi idan zai yiwu. Maginiya da magina da yawa kuma suna ajiye tukwane masu glaze mai gudana a kan cookie, faifan bisque da yake tare ɗigon. Wannan al'ada ce ta gama gari, ko da yake ba mu sami shawarar wani mai yin kiln a kanta ba.

Elements

Elements suna zaizayewa: wani shafin oxide yana taruwa, wutar da take gudana tana raguwa, kuma gasa tana yin jinkiri. Dogon tsayawa a zafi mai yawa yana zaizaye elements da thermocouple da sauri. Skutt yana ba da shawarar gasar gwaji ga sabon kiln ko wanda aka gyara, don elements su samar da shafin oxide mai kariya. Ku bi umarnin mai yin kiln ɗinku wajen gwadawa da sauya elements.

Zobba da sanduna

Masana'antar Birtaniya ta kuma yi amfani da wasu alamomin aikin zafi biyu. Bullers rings faifai ne masu lebur da suke raguwa daidai da aikin zafi, kuma ana auna su da ma'auni bayan gasa. Holdcroft bars, tun 1898, suna sunkuyawa a tsakiya a kan mariƙai biyu, tunanin da ke bayan sandar kiln sitter. Ba mu sami teburin da yake juya ɗayansu zuwa lambobin cone na Orton ba, don haka wannan jagora yana amfani da cone na Orton; muna shirin tattauna zobba da sanduna a wani sabon bugu na gaba.

Majiyoyi

• Orton: Using Orton Pyrometric Cones (cone chart, ©2001)
• Orton: Cones and Firing, a practical guide to successful firings (©2019)
• Orton: Pyrometric cones FAQ
• Dawson: Kiln-Sitter Operating Manual, models LT-3 and LT-3K
• L&L Kiln: Manual kiln operation with kiln sitters
• L&L Kiln: Orton firing tips
• L&L Kiln: Pyrometric cones
• L&L Kiln: DynaTrol controller manual
• L&L Kiln: The ceramic process
• Bracker's Good Earth Clays: Firing schedule for manual kilns
• Ceramics Monthly: Bisque Firing 101
• Ceramics Monthly: Tips and Tools: The Kiln Sitter
• Digitalfire: BQ1000 bisque firing schedule
• Digitalfire: PLC6DS cone 6 drop-and-soak schedule
• Digitalfire: C6DHSC cone 6 drop-and-hold slow-cool schedule
• Digitalfire: Bisque
• Glazy: Firing
• Skutt: Ceramic kilns, using the product
• Skutt: KilnMaster operating manual
• Boston University Environmental Health and Safety: Kiln awareness reminder
• Potclays: The difference between stoneware and earthenware
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric cone
• Wikipedia: Pyrometric device