Ntọala glaze

Ihe glaze bụ

Glaze bụ akwa iko dị gịrịgịrị nke e mere ka ọ rapara n'ite. Glazy, ebe nchekwa usoro glaze mepere emepe, kpọrọ ya "usoro iko a haziri ka ọ gbazee ma rapara n'ụrọ n'ọkụ ụfọdụ". A na-etinye ya dịka akwa ntụ, ọ na-agbaze na kiln ghọọ akwa dị ka iko nke na-emechi ụrọ ahụ, ka ite ghara ịdị mfe ịkwụpụta mmiri, ịnara ntụpọ ma ọ bụ ịgwụ. N'oge ọkụ kachasị elu, ihe gbazere ahụ na-emekwa ihe n'ụrọ, na-emekarị akwa n'etiti ha nke na-ejide glaze ahụ. Na earthenware, glaze na-anọ n'elu dịka akwa iche; na stoneware, ọ na-agbaba n'ahụ ụrọ ahụ.

Usoro glaze na-edepụta ihe eji arụ ọrụ, dịka feldspar, whiting na kaolin. Na kiln, akụkụ nke ọ bụla na-apụ dịka gas (mmiri ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide), ihe fọdụrụ na-aghọ oxide: ngwakọta nke element na oxygen, dịka silica (SiO₂) ma ọ bụ calcium oxide (CaO). E ji oxide mee iko a gbara ọkụ, ya mere ndị ọkpụ ite ji ha akọwa glaze. Oxide ọ bụla na-arụ otu n'ime ọrụ atọ.

• Silica (SiO₂) bụ ihe na-eme iko (glass former): ọ na-ewu iko ahụ. Silica dị ọcha na-agbaze karịa 1700 °C (3100 °F), ọkụ karịrị nke kiln ite nke ukwuu, glaze nwere ọtụtụ silica na-adịkarị ogologo ndụ karịa.
• Flux na-ebelata ọkụ ọ na-agbaze na nke kiln nwere ike iru. Alkali, e dere dịka R₂O, bụ oxide nke sodium, potassium na lithium (Na₂O, K₂O, Li₂O); ha na-arụ ọrụ site na cone 06 gaa n'ọkụ etiti na nke dị elu. Alkaline earth, e dere dịka RO, bụ oxide nke calcium, magnesium, barium na strontium (CaO, MgO, BaO, SrO), ya na zinc oxide (ZnO) a gụnyere n'akụkụ ha; ha na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma site na cone 5 ruo cone 10. R na-anọchi anya metal ọ bụla n'ezinụlọ ahụ.
• Alumina (Al₂O₃) bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike (stabilizer). Ọ na-eme ka ihe gbazere ahụ sie ike ka ọ nọrọ na mgbidi kwụ ọtọ, na-agbakwunye isi ike na ogologo ndụ. Ịdọ aka na ntị Glazy: ọ bụrụ na alumina pere mpe, "glaze gị nwere ike ịgba ọsọ; ọ bụrụ na ọ karịrị akarị, ọ nwere ike ime ka ihe gbazere ahụ sie ike ghọọ matte". Alumina na-esikarị n'ụrọ na feldspar.

Boron (B₂O₃) na-eme ka ókè ahụ ghara ịpụta ìhè. Ndị kemist na-agụ ya dịka ihe na-eme iko, mana n'ọkụ studio ọ na-eme ka flux, ndị ọkpụ ite na-ewere ya dịka otu. Ọ dị oke mkpa na cone 5–6, ọ dịghị mkpa n'ọkụ dị elu. (Cone, ụzọ ndị ọkpụ ite si akpọ ịgba ọkụ, ka a kọwara n'okpuru.)

Otu ụzọ isi cheta ya: silica bụ iko ahụ, flux na-eme ka ọ gbazee n'ọkụ kiln gị nwere ike iru, alumina na-eme ka o sie ike ka ọ nọrọ ebe i tinyere ya.

Ụrọ, ihe mkpuchi na ịgba ọkụ abụọ

Ụdị ụrọ

Ahụ ụrọ (clay body) bụ ụrọ e ji kpụọ ite. Enwere ụdị atọ bụ isi.

• Earthenware: ahụ ụrọ ọkụ dị ala, ihe dị ka cone 06–02, nke na-anọgide na-enwe oghere. Ọ na-adịkarị uhie ma ọ bụ buff, ọ chọrọ glaze ka o jide mmiri.
• Stoneware: ahụ ụrọ ọkụ etiti ruo ọkụ dị elu, ihe dị ka cone 5–10, nke na-aghọ vitreous ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta.
• Porcelain: ahụ ụrọ ọcha, ọkụ dị elu, nwere ọtụtụ kaolin, nke na-enwekarị ìhè na-agafe ya.

Vitreous pụtara dị ka iko na enweghị oghere; vitrification bụ ahụ ụrọ na-aghọ otu a ka a na-agba ya ọkụ. Ndị ọkpụ ite UK na-esekarị ókè ahụ site n'ọkụ kama: a na-agba stoneware karịa 1200 °C (2192 °F), earthenware n'okpuru ya. Ọkụ etiti, cone 5–6, dara n'akụkụ abụọ nke ókè ahụ.

Ihe mkpuchi na ịkpọ nkụ

Slip bụ ụrọ e gwakọtara na mmiri, maka ịwụ n'ụdị, ijikọ ma ọ bụ ịchọ mma. Engobe bụ ihe mkpuchi dị ka slip, nke na-enwekarị agba, nwere ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụrọ karịa. Underglaze bụ slip nwere agba ma ọ bụ ịchọ mma oxide, nke a na-ejikarị glaze doro anya kpuchie.

Ite a na-agbabeghị ọkụ bụ greenware (isi mmalite ekwekọrịtaghị ma okwu ahụ gụnyere ite niile a na-agbabeghị ọkụ ka ọ bụ naanị nke kpọrọ nkụ). Ka ọ na-akpọ nkụ ọ na-aghọ leather-hard, sie ike mana dị ntakịrị mmiri, oge maka ịkpụcha na itinye aka; mgbe ahụ bone dry, enweghị mmiri fọdụrụ, dị nnọọ mfe ịgbaji, dịkwa njikere maka ọkụ.

Ịgba ọkụ abụọ

Ọkụ mbụ, nke dị ala, bụ bisque (ọkụ mbụ; UK: biscuit), na-abụkarị cone 08–04 (ọtụtụ mgbe 06–04), ihe dị ka 942–1063 °C (1728–1945 °F). Ọ na-eme ka ite sie ike mana nwee oghere. Digitalfire, ebe nrụtụ aka glaze, na-atụ aro karịa 15% oghere n'ozuzu, ka bisque wee dọpụta mmiri na glaze ka a na-etinye ya. Bisque dị nro (cone 08–06) nwere oghere karịa; bisque siri ike (ọtụtụ mgbe cone 04) kwụsiri ike karịa mana anaghị anara glaze ngwa ngwa.

Potclays, onye na-ere ngwa UK, na-akọwa ịgba biscuit ruo ihe dị ka 1000 °C (1832 °F), ihe dị ka cone 06. N'ịgụ isi mmalite ndị a ọnụ, anyị na-atụ aro cone 06–04 maka bisque mbụ: 998–1063 °C (1828–1945 °F) n'ọsọ etiti Orton.

Ịgba ọkụ glaze (ndị ọkpụ ite Britain nwere ike ịsị ịgba glost) na-agbaze glaze, na maka stoneware, na-eme ka ụrọ tozuo kwa. Ịgba otu ugboro (once-firing) na-etinye glaze n'ite a na-agbabeghị ọkụ ma gbaa ya naanị otu ugboro. Digitalfire na-akọ otu ihe mere n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe ite e tinyere glaze n'ụrọ amụ dọkọtara n'ọnụ ya ruo mgbe ịgba bisque gwọrọ ya, ya mere bido na ịgba ọkụ abụọ. Ịgba ọkụ na kiln dị mfe na-enye usoro maka ha abụọ.

Cone na heatwork

Ndị ọkpụ ite na-akpọ ịgba ọkụ site na cone: obere pyramid ceramic nke na-ehulata mgbe ọ natara ọkụ a kara aka. Orton, nke na-eme ha, kwuru ya otu a: "Cone anaghị atụ naanị ọkụ. Ha na-atụ heatwork, mmetụta jikọrọ oge na ọkụ."

Heatwork bụ ihe kpatara ya: glaze, ụrọ na cone niile na-aza otu ogologo oge ha dị ọkụ na otu ọkụ ha dị. Ịgba ọkụ nwayọọ na-ehulata cone n'ọkụ dị ala karịa, nke ọsọ n'ọkụ dị elu karịa. Chaatị Orton gosiri cone 6 na-ehulata na 1185 °C (2165 °F) mgbe ịgba ọkụ na-akwụsị na-arịgo 15 °C (27 °F) kwa elekere, na 1222 °C (2232 °F) na 60 °C (108 °F) kwa elekere, na 1243 °C (2269 °F) na 150 °C (270 °F) kwa elekere, ọsọ a tụrụ n'ime 100 °C (180 °F) ikpeazụ. Cone emechaala mgbe isi ya hulatara 90°, nke Orton kpọrọ ọnọdụ elekere 5.

Nọmba cone si na 022 ruo 42. Efu n'ihu na-egosi usoro dị jụụ karịa, ebe nọmba ka ukwuu dị jụụ karịa: cone 06 dị jụụ karịa cone 04, cone 01 dịkwa jụụ karịa cone 1.

Kpọọ ma hazie ịgba ọkụ gị site na cone, ma were ọkụ ndị ahụ dịka ihe dị nso. Cone akaebe (witness cone) n'elu shelf n'etiti ite, ma ọ bụ ngwugwu cone atọ (cone nduzi, cone ọkụ na cone nche), na-egosi heatwork ite gị natara n'ezie.

Ọkụ e bipụtara dị iche iche. Glazy na-enye ọkụ dị elu, cone 9–11, dịka ihe dị ka 1280–1310 °C (2336–2390 °F), nke kwekọrọ na kọlụm ọsọ Orton, Digitalfire na-akọkwa na ọtụtụ kiln na-eru cone 6 n'ihe dị ka 1204 °C (2200 °F). Ndụmọdụ anyị: jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ ọsọ etiti Orton, dịka nduzi a na-eme, hazie site na cone, ka cone akaebe kpebie ya.

N'èzí North America, ndị na-ere ngwa na-enyekarị °C kama cone. Hermann Seger mepụtara cone ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke e jiri mbụ na Berlin na 1886, UK enweelarị cone Staffordshire nke ya; e kwesịghị iche na nọmba ha kwekọrọ na nke Orton, anyị ahụghịkwa tebụl iji gbanwee ha. Ịgba ọkụ na kiln dị mfe na-akọwa cone n'ụzọ zuru ezu karịa.

Site n'usoro glaze ruo unity formula

Usoro batch (batch recipe) na-edepụta ihe eji arụ ọrụ site n'ịdị arọ, a na-ahazikarị ya ka ntọala ya gbakọọ 100. Ihe mgbakwunye (additives: ihe na-enye agba, opacifier na ihe na-ejide ya n'ime mmiri) na-aga n'elu 100 ahụ, na-abụkarị pasentị nke ntọala. Iji hụ ihe glaze ahụ bụ, ndị ọkpụ ite na-agbanwe usoro ahụ ka ọ ghọọ unity molecular formula (UMF, ma ọ bụ Seger formula, n'aha Hermann Seger, onye jiri usoro kọlụm atọ ya mbụ).

Ibe usoro glaze Glazecalc na-eme nzọụkwụ anọ ahụ ka ị na-ede, ma gosi nsonaazụ ya na kọlụm atọ: flux (R₂O na RO) gbakọrọ 1; stabilizer (R₂O₃: alumina, ebe a na-etinyekarị boron); na ihe na-eme iko (RO₂: silica). "Unification bụ naanị ngwa ọrụ nhazi," ka Glazy kwuru: usoro glaze abụọ e ji ihe dị iche iche mee mana nwere otu unity formula "na-akpa àgwà fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu mgbe a gbachara ha ọkụ". Ya mere 1 ahụ bụ ihe ntụle a na-ekerịta, ọ bụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ị na-atụ. Digitalfire gbakwunyere na usoro ahụ "anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọkụ dị ala", ebe boron abụghị flux nkịtị, nakwa na unity formula bụ "maka ntụle, a na-ahụkwa ha nke ọma n'ọnọdụ ha". Tụlee na-etinye usoro abụọ n'akụkụ, oxide na oxide.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ silica na alumina

Otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha baa uru bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ silica na alumina (silica to alumina ratio): silica kere site na alumina. N'ihe atụ ahụ, 3.70 ÷ 0.41 bụ ihe dị ka 9.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ 5–7 n'onwe ya anaghị ebu amụma ma ọ ga-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ matte: flux, boron na cone niile na-akwagharị ókè ahụ. Glazy na-enye nguzozi flux a na-ahụkarị maka glaze kwụsiri ike dịka 0.2 R₂O na 0.8 RO, ruo 0.3 R₂O na 0.7 RO. Alkali karịa na-eme ka ihe gbazere ahụ na-asọ karịa ma bulie mgbasa ya, ya mere ihe ize ndụ nke crazing.

Loss on ignition

Loss on ignition (LOI) bụ ịdị arọ ihe na-efu na kiln ka mmiri, carbon dioxide, ihe ndụ ma ọ bụ sulfur na-apụ dịka gas. Glaze a gbara ọkụ enweghị ya, ya mere unity formula na-ahapụ ya.

Gas na-apụ mgbe glaze malitere ịgbaze ga-agbapụta na ya, na-akpata, n'okwu Digitalfire, "afụ, ọnya afụ, obere oghere, crawling". Talc na-aga n'ihu na-ewepụta gas ruo ihe dị ka 899 °C (1650 °F). Frit, ihe calcined (e kpochara ọkụ tupu oge iji chụpụ gas ha) na mgbanwe n'ịgba ọkụ niile na-enyere aka.

Akwụkwọ ochie na-eji aka eme mgbakọ a, site na molecular weight (ịdị arọ otu mole nke ihe ma ọ bụ oxide) na equivalent weight (ịdị arọ ihe na-enye otu mole nke oxide). Site na mgbakọ anyị, ihe dị ka 100 g nke whiting na-enye otu mole, 56 g, nke calcium oxide. Ihe mgbakọ na-ejikwa ha abụọ.

Frit na ihe eji arụ ọrụ

Frit

Frit bụ iko e mere n'ụlọ ọrụ: mineral e gbazere, e tinyere na mmiri ka ọ jụọ ngwa ngwa, e gwerekwa ya. Ime frit na-eme ka ihe na-agbaze na mmiri dịka borax ghara ịgbaze, na-ekpochi oxide nwere nsí dịka lead (Pb) na barium n'ime iko kwụsiri ike, na-enye ihe na-adịgide otu karịa mineral amụ, na-achụpụkwa gas, ya mere glaze e ji frit mee "enweghị ntụpọ karịa nke ukwuu" (Digitalfire). Frit na-agbazekwa n'oge: frit soda na-arụ ọrụ na cone 06, ebe feldspar "na-amalite naanị ịdị nro na cone 6". Ha dị oke ọnụ, ha chọrọ ụrọ ka ha nọrọ n'ime mmiri (ihe atụ Digitalfire bụ 85% frit na 15% ụrọ), ha bụkwa "n'echiche anaghị agbaze, mana n'ezie, ọ bụghị otu a".

A na-akpọ frit North America site n'aha onye mere ya na nọmba: Ferro Frit 3134 (Ferro bụ Vibrantz ugbu a) dị n'ihe dị ka 22% nke usoro glaze ọha Glazy. Usoro glaze UK na-akpọkarị frit nkịtị, dịka standard borax frit.

Ihe eji arụ ọrụ a na-ahụkarị

Aha dị iche n'ebe dị iche

• Kaolin bụ china clay na UK; ndị na-ere ngwa Australia na-ere ya dịka Eckalite.
• Flint bụ aha UK ochie maka silica. Ndị na-ere ngwa UK ka na-ere calcined flint dịka ngwaahịa nke ya, ya mere "flint" n'usoro glaze Britain nwere ike ịpụta calcined flint, n'usoro America nwere ike ịpụta quartz e gwere egwe. A na-ere ha abụọ dịka isi mmalite silica; lelee nyocha ya.
• China stone na Cornish stone (Cornwall stone) bụ otu ihe, nwere njikọ na feldspar.
• Whiting bụ calcium carbonate; ndị na-ere ngwa Germany na-akpọ ya Kreide (chalk).

Jiri oxide ihe na-enye kpee ya ikpe, ọ bụghị aha ya. Glazecalc na-arụ ọrụ otu a: ị nwere ike itinye nyocha onye na-ere gị ngwa na ibe Ihe, ma Nwalee ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ ma tụlee, Tụọ aro ọnụ ọgụgụ ma tụlee na Dabara na ihe m nwere niile na-adaba oxide a gbara ọkụ, ọ bụghị aha.

Ihe na-agbanwekwa. Custer feldspar kwụsịrị na 2023. Ebe ngwuputa Gerstley Borate mbụ mechiri n'ihe dị ka 1999–2000; Laguna ka na-ere ngwaahịa n'aha ahụ, Gillespie Borate bụkwa isi onye nnọchi. Isi mmalite ekwekọrịtaghị ma Gillespie na-anọchi Gerstley Borate pound maka pound (onye mere ya na Potclays sị ee, Digitalfire na ndị ọzọ sị mba), ya mere tụlee ha abụọ na Glazecalc, mgbe ahụ nwalee obere batch.

Ihe na-enye agba na opacifier

Ihe na-enye agba (colorant) bụ metal oxide ma ọ bụ carbonate na-enye glaze agba; stain bụ ihe na-enye agba e mere n'ụlọ ọrụ, kwụsiri ike ma na-adịgide otu karịa oxide amụ. Ihe na-enye agba na-adịkarị n'okpuru 5% nke ntọala, ọtụtụ n'okpuru 1%, carbonate nwekwara ihe dị ka ọkara ike oxide yiri ya.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ cobalt na chrome bụ ihe a na-arụrịta ụka n'ezie. Glazy sị 0.1% cobalt zuru maka blu; Glendale Community College na-enye ½–2% ma ọ bụ ½–3% dabere n'ikuku kiln; Birdie Boone, na Pottery Making Illustrated, sị 3% ma ọ bụ obere. Maka chrome, Boone sị n'okpuru 0.5%, Glendale 2–3%. Ụzọ dị nchebe bụ ịmalite obere ma mee line blend: ahịrị test tile na-agbanwe otu ihe site n'obere ruo ọtụtụ.

Glaze ntọala na-agbanwe agba. Ntọala na-egbuke egbuke, doro anya na-enye agba kacha pụta ìhè; ntọala satin na matte, ndị na-enwekarị alumina karịa, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịpụta ìhè. Magnesium na-ebuga cobalt n'odo-odo, zinc na-eme chrome aja aja, chrome na tin na-enyekwa pink.

Opacifier

Opacifier na-eme ka glaze ghara ikwe ka ìhè gafee (opaque), na-ezo ụrọ; glaze doro anya (transparent) na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụta.

Glaze fit na ntụpọ

Ụrọ na glaze na-ebuwanye ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ebelata ka ha na-ajụ oyi, nke ọ bụla otu o si dị: mgbasa ọkụ ya (thermal expansion). Glaze fit bụ otu ha abụọ si dabara. Fit dị mma na-ahapụ glaze ka ụrọ pịkọọ ya ntakịrị; Digitalfire sị ntakịrị mpịkọ na-eme ka ite sie ike, ebe nke karịrị akarị nwere ike ime ka ọ ghara ike ma gbawaa ya.

Crazing na shivering

Crazing (obere mgbawa) bụ ụgbụ obere mgbawa. Mgbasa glaze karịrị nke ahụ ụrọ, ya mere mgbe ọ na-ajụ oyi ọ na-ebelata karịa, a na-adọti ya ma ọ gbawaa, na-abụkarị n'ihi sodium na potassium karịrị akarị (Na₂O, K₂O). Ọ nwekwara ike ịpụta emesịa, n'oge ojiji, mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi na mberede ọtụtụ ugboro dịka imetụ mmiri oyi. Mgbe a chọrọ ya, dịka na raku, a na-akpọ ya crackle. Digitalfire sị "95% nke oge, ihe ngwọta bụ ịgbanwe mgbasa ọkụ nke glaze"; ijụ oyi nwayọọ na-egbu oge crazing naanị. Nnwale ya: kpoo ite ọkụ ruo ihe dị ka 149 °C (300 °F), tinye ya na mmiri ice, ma tee pen felt n'elu ya iji gosi mgbawa.

Isi mmalite dị iche na ngwọta mbụ. Glazy na-atụ aro ịgbakwunye silica ma ọ bụ alumina; Digitalfire zara na silica mgbakwunye "na-eme naanị ka KNaO dị gịrịgịrị" (sodium na potassium); Linda Bloomfield na-agbakwunye boron ma ọ bụ belata feldspar, otu ihe n'otu oge. Ndụmọdụ anyị: na ihe mgbakọ usoro glaze, gbanwee ụfọdụ sodium na potassium maka flux mgbasa dị ala (boron, lithium, magnesium, calcium), lelee mgbanwe ahụ site na Tụlee, ma kwado ya site na nnwale mmiri ice.

Shivering bụ nke ọzọ: mgbasa glaze dị ala karịa nke ahụ ụrọ nke ukwuu, ya mere a pịkọrọ ya karịa ma ọ na-ekpupụ n'ọnụ na n'akụkụ. Digitalfire dọrọ aka na ntị na ihe ndị ahụ kpupụrụ nwere ike ịdị nkọ dị ka agụba ma enwere ike ilo ha, Glazy kpọkwara shivering "ihe ize ndụ karịa crazing na ite e ji arụ ọrụ". Ngwọta ya bụ glaze mgbasa dị elu karịa ma ọ bụ ahụ ụrọ mgbasa dị ala karịa.

Na-egbuke egbuke na matte

Elu na-egbuke egbuke (gloss) na-egosipụta ìhè ma dị larịị, satin nwere ngbuke dị nwayọọ, matte (anaghị egbuke) adịghị egbuke. Ngbuke chọrọ iko gbazere kpamkpam. Matte nwere ike isi n'ọtụtụ alumina (ọnụ ọgụgụ silica na alumina dị ala), na flux dịka calcium, magnesium, barium ma ọ bụ strontium na-eme obere kristal ka glaze na-ajụ oyi, ma ọ bụ n'ịgbaghị ọkụ nke ọma.

Ntụpọ a na-ahụkarị

Gbanwee otu ihe n'otu oge, debe test tile gị.

Nchekwa nri

Leaching (ịhapụ metal) bụ metal na-agbaze site na glaze a gbara ọkụ banye na nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, glaze nwere ike ịdị mma n'anya ma ka na-eme ya. Nnwale iwu na-etinye ite a gbara ọkụ na mmiri acid ma tụọ lead (Pb) na cadmium na-apụta.

Enweghị lead abụghị otu ihe ahụ dị mma maka nri

Iwu na US, EU, UK na Australia na-egbochi lead (Pb) na cadmium ite a gbara ọkụ na-ahapụ, ọ bụghị ihe glaze nwere. "Enweghị lead (lead-free)" na-ewepụ otu ihe ize ndụ; ọ bụghị ọkwa nchekwa nri. Oxide ndị ọzọ na-ahapụkwa: Glazy dọrọ aka na ntị na glaze nwere ọtụtụ barium "nwere ike ịhapụ metal, n'ozuzu adịghịkwa mma maka nri", Digitalfire sị copper "nwere ike ime ka glaze hapụ metal; nwalee ya", Glazy anaghịkwa atụ aro glaze lead maka ite e ji arụ ọrụ.

Glaze ime (liner glaze) bụ glaze kwụsiri ike, na-adịkarị doro anya ma ọ bụ ọcha, maka elu na-emetụ nri. N'echiche anyị, nke na-enweghị ihe na-enye agba, barium, lead ma ọ bụ lithium, nke na-agbaze kpamkpam, na-enweghị crazing ma na-adịgide nke ọma, bụ nhọrọ nwere obere ihe ize ndụ. Obere ihe ize ndụ abụghị ihe akaebe.

Limit formula (Digitalfire na-ahọrọ target formula) na-enye ókè unity formula a na-ahụkarị maka glaze kwụsiri ike na cone: target cone 6 Digitalfire na-etinye alumina na 0.285–0.64 na silica na 2.4–4.7. Ha na-eduzi gị gaa na kemistri dị mma mana ha anaghị egosi ihe ọ bụla; Digitalfire na-ezere okwu "limit" n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na glaze dị n'ime ókè ndị ahụ "dị nchebe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ". Ngwa ọrụ Glazecalc maka ịgbanwe usoro glaze na-ekwu mgbe nke ọhụrụ gafere ókè a tụrụ aro, dịka ọtụtụ boron na cone 6, na ihe glaze ahụ nwere ike ime.

Ókè iwu dị iche site na mba. Tebụl ahụ na-egosi nke ebe ị bi, n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iwu ahụ; họrọ mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọzọ iji tụlee.

Na US, ite ceramic ịchọ mma nke yiri ka e nwere ike iji ya maka nri ka a na-ewere dịka ite nri belụsọ ma o nwere akara a na-amado na ọkwa na-adịgide adịgide e kpụrụ ma ọ bụ gbaa ọkụ n'okpuru ya, dịka "Not for Food Use. May Poison Food" (Ọ bụghị maka nri. Ọ nwere ike itinye nsí na nri), ma ọ bụ nwee oghere gafere elu nri. EU na-edobe ókè lead (Pb) na cadmium na Directive 84/500/EEC, UK na-edobekwa otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ n'iwu nke ya. Site na 29 May 2026, Netherlands, Belgium na Luxembourg na-anabata lead pere mpe ihe dị ka ugboro 130 ruo 150, na cadmium pere mpe ihe dị ka ugboro 15. Australia na-edobe ókè maka ite e si mba ọzọ bubata; anyị ahụghị ókè iwu ọ bụla maka ite e mere na Australia ma ọ bụ New Zealand.

Nnwale

FDA sị ngwa nnwale swab ụlọ nwere ike igosi lead nwere ike ịpụta, mana Ceramics New Zealand dọrọ aka na ntị na pen nnwale emeghị maka ceramic ma na-enye nsonaazụ ụgha nke na-egosi na ọ dị. Were nsonaazụ na-egosi na ọ dị dịka ihe kpatara ị ga-akwụsị iji ite ahụ, ma were nke na-egosi na ọ dịghị dịka ihe na-egosighị ihe ọ bụla. Nnwale ụlọ nyocha nke ite a gbara ọkụ maka metal na-apụta (leach test) (ASTM C738 na US; EN 1388 ma ọ bụ ISO 6486 na Europe) bụ azịza n'ezie.

Specific gravity na itinye glaze

Specific gravity

Ntụ glaze e gwakọtara na mmiri bụ slurry. Specific gravity (SG) ya bụ ịdị arọ ya ma e tụnyere ya na otu olu mmiri ahụ, nke nwere SG 1.0: ka ọ dị elu, ka ntụ dị na bọket karịa. Akwụkwọ UK ochie na-ekwu pint weight. Glazy kpọrọ 1.4–1.5 "ebe mmalite dị mma maka ọtụtụ glaze". Iji tụọ ya, tụọ kpọmkwem 100 mL nke slurry (Glazy na-atụ aro sirinji) ma kee ya site na 100: 145 g pụtara SG 1.45. Hydrometer anaghị atụkwasị obi na glaze kpụkọrọ akpụkọ, mmiri na-efekwa, ya mere lelee ọzọ tupu i tinye glaze.

Ebumnuche dị iche site n'isi mmalite. Digitalfire na-etinye glaze ịbanye na 1.40–1.50 na glaze azụmahịa e ji brọsh etinye na 1.25–1.55, ebe Potclays na-enye 1.71–1.81 maka brọsh na 1.71 maka ịgbasa. Ndụmọdụ anyị: banye n'ihe dị ka 1.45 ka glaze ahụ kpụkọọ ntakịrị, soro akara maka glaze brọsh, dekwaa ihe na-arụ ọrụ.

Flocculant (Epsom salts, mmanya ma ọ bụ calcium chloride) na-eme ka slurry kpụkọọ ntakịrị, na-eme ya thixotropic: ọ na-asọ mgbe a na-akpali ya ma na-ekpokọ mgbe ọ nọ jụụ, maka "mkpuchi glaze dị otu, na-enweghị ntapụ". Deflocculant (sodium silicate ma ọ bụ Darvan) na-eme ka ọ dị gịrịgịrị. Otu esi eme glaze na-akọwa ịgwakọta na ịhazi.

Itinye glaze

Buru ụzọ hichapụ uzuzu na mmanụ na bisque site na ogbo dị ntakịrị mmiri kama ịsa ya, nke na-eme ka ọ mịkọọ mmiri. Ejila ikuku a pịkọrọ apịkọ fụpụ uzuzu ma ọ bụ jiri brọsh hichapụ ya akọrọ: nke ahụ na-etinye uzuzu silica n'ikuku (Ịgwakọta n'enweghị ihe ize ndụ na ikuku dị ọcha).

• Ịbanye (dipping) "n'ozuzu na-enye mkpuchi nke ọkpụrụkpụ ya dị otu" (Robin Hopper). Oge ịbanye na-ekpebi ọkpụrụkpụ: Digitalfire kwuru na a na-eme glaze ịbanye azụmahịa n'ihe dị ka 1.4 maka ịbanye sekọnd 5 na 1.5 maka ịbanye sekọnd 1.
• Glaze ịwụ (pouring) kwesịrị ịdị "ntakịrị gịrịgịrị karịa mgbe e ji ya maka ịbanye"; ebe ịwụ kpuchiri onwe ha, akwa ahụ na-amụba okpukpu abụọ ma nwee ike ịgba ọsọ.
• Glaze brọsh (brushing) nwere gum dịka CMC gum, nke na-enyere glaze aka ịsọ na ịrapara, mgbe ahụ ọ na-ere. Ọtụtụ chọrọ akwa ọtụtụ, ọtụtụ mgbe abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ; soro akara ya.
• Ịgbasa (spraying) na-eji glaze dị gịrịgịrị karịa nke ukwuu, a na-etinye ya na "ọtụtụ akwa dị gịrịgịrị, na-ewulite ọkpụrụkpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ".

Akwa dị oke ọkpụrụkpụ nwere ike ime crawling, blistering ma ọ bụ ịgba ọsọ. Iwu ndị na-ere ngwa si n'ọkpụrụkpụ kaadị kredit ruo nke dime US, site n'atụmatụ anyị ihe dị ka 1 mm nke glaze kpọrọ nkụ; test tile n'ọkpụrụkpụ ole na ole bụ nnyocha a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. Wax resist n'ụkwụ ite na-achụpụ glaze, ka ite ghara ịrapara na shelf, kiln wash, ihe mkpuchi na-eguzogide ọkụ nke a na-eji kaolin na silica emekarị, na-echekwa shelf pụọ na ntapụ.

Oxidation na reduction

Gas dị na kiln, ikuku ya (atmosphere), na-agbanwe otu glaze si apụta. Oxidation pụtara oxygen zuru ezu. "Kiln eletrik na ịgba ọkụ oxidation bụ otu," ka Digitalfire kwuru, glaze oxidation na-adịkarị nchapụta karịa nke reduction, ọkachasị n'ọkụ dị ala. N'oxidation, copper na-enye akwụkwọ ndụ na turquoise, iron na-enyekwa aja aja, tan na uhie. Kiln eletrik juru n'ite na-ewepụta gas, nke na-enweghị ezigbo ụzọ ikuku, nwere ike ịdị nnọọ etiti karịa ka a chọrọ; ụzọ ikuku e jikọtara ozugbo na kiln na-enyere aka.

Reduction na-egbochi oxygen n'ebumnuche, na-abụkarị na kiln gas, nkụ ma ọ bụ kiln pụrụ iche. Copper na-aghọ uhie, iron na-aghọkwa flux siri ike karịa ma na-enye celadon (blu-akwụkwọ ndụ ruo ntụ-akwụkwọ ndụ, site n'ihe dị ka ½–2% iron) na tenmoku (temmoku: aja aja-ojii, ihe dị ka 5–6% iron). Glazy sị celadon na uhie copper "dabere na reduction". Ụrọ na-agbanwekwa: n'otu ntụle Digitalfire, ahụ stoneware gbara ntụ na reduction ma gbaa odo-odo n'oxidation. Silicon carbide na glaze nwere ike ime obere ebe reduction ọbụna na kiln eletrik. Maka reduction site na cone 010 ruo cone 3, Orton na-atụ aro cone ya na-enweghị iron.

Tụọ anya na usoro glaze e dere maka kiln gas reduction ga-apụta n'ụzọ dị iche na kiln eletrik: celadon ma ọ bụ uhie copper dabere na reduction agaghị adị otu n'oxidation. Lelee ikuku e mere usoro glaze maka ya, ma dee nke gị, ya na cone, na ndetu usoro glaze ahụ na Glazecalc.

Kiln ọ bụla, gụnyere nke eletrik, na-ewepụta anwụrụ, ya mere wepụ ya n'ikuku. Ịgwakọta n'enweghị ihe ize ndụ na ikuku dị ọcha na-akọwa otu.

Nchịkọta okwu

Ihe mgbakwunye (additive)

Ihe na-enye agba, opacifier ma ọ bụ ihe na-ejide n'ime mmiri a gbakwunyere n'elu 100 nke usoro glaze.

Alumina (Al₂O₃)

Isi stabilizer: na-akwụsị ịgba ọsọ ma na-agbakwunye isi ike. Site n'ụrọ na feldspar.

Ball clay

Ụrọ na-agbanwe ụdị nwere iron na ihe ndụ karịa kaolin.

Usoro batch (batch recipe)

Ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke glaze site n'ịdị arọ, na-agbakọkarị 100.

Bentonite

Ụrọ dị nnọọ nro a gbakwunyere na 1–3% ka glaze ghara ịda n'ala.

Bisque (ọkụ mbụ; UK: biscuit)

Ọkụ mbụ, nke dị ala, na-abụkarị cone 08–04 (ọtụtụ mgbe 06–04), na-eme ka ite sie ike mana nwee oghere.

Boron (B₂O₃)

N'iwu, ihe na-eme iko mana a na-eji ya dịka flux; dị mkpa site na cone 06 ruo cone 6.

CMC gum

Gum cellulose na-enyere glaze aka ịbanye site na brọsh ma rapara; ọ na-ere.

Ihe na-enye agba na stain (colorant and stain)

Metal oxide ma ọ bụ carbonate na-enye glaze agba; stain bụ ihe na-enye agba e mere n'ụlọ ọrụ, kwụsiri ike karịa.

Cone

Pyramid ceramic a tụrụ atụ nke na-ehulata na heatwork a kara aka. Cone akaebe na-egosi ihe ite natara.

Crawling

Glaze na-adọkọta ghọọ mkpụrụ n'oge ọkụ, na-ahapụ ụrọ efu.

Crazing (obere mgbawa)

Obere mgbawa na glaze nke na-ebelata karịa ahụ ụrọ ya; crackle mgbe a chọrọ ya.

Devitrification

Kristal na-eto site n'iko n'oge mbụ ijụ oyi, ebe a chọghị ha.

Dunting

Mgbawa n'ite site na nrụgide ijụ oyi ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ, ọtụtụ mgbe na quartz inversion, 573 °C (1063 °F).

Earthenware

Ahụ ụrọ ọkụ dị ala (ihe dị ka cone 06–02) nke na-anọgide na-enwe oghere.

Feldspar

Mineral na-enye flux alkali ya na alumina na silica: potash, soda ma ọ bụ nepheline syenite.

Flocculant na deflocculant

Ihe mgbakwunye na-eme ka slurry kpụkọọ (Epsom salts, mmanya) ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dị gịrịgịrị (sodium silicate, Darvan).

Flux

Oxide na-ebelata ọkụ silica na-agbaze.

Dị mma maka nri (food safe)

N'iwu, ịhapụ lead (Pb) na cadmium erughị ókè na nnwale acid. Ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ na enweghị lead.

Frit

Iko e mere n'ụlọ ọrụ, e gbazere, e mere ka ọ jụọ ngwa ngwa ma gwerie, nke na-eme ka oxide na-agbaze na mmiri ma ọ bụ nwere nsí ghara ịgbaze.

Ihe na-eme iko (glass former)

Oxide na-ewu iko ahụ, na-abụkarị silica.

Glaze

Akwa iko nke na-agbaze n'oge ọkụ iji mechie ma chọọ ite mma.

Ịgba ọkụ glaze (glaze firing; UK: glost firing)

Ịgba ọkụ nke na-agbaze glaze.

Glaze fit

Otu mgbasa glaze na ahụ ụrọ si dabara; fit dị mma na-ahapụ glaze ka a pịkọọ ya ntakịrị.

Na-egbuke egbuke, satin na matte (gloss, satin and matte)

Na-egosipụta ìhè ma dị larịị; ngbuke dị nwayọọ; adịghị egbuke.

Greenware

Ite a na-agbabeghị ọkụ: leather-hard mgbe o siri ike mana dị mmiri, bone dry mgbe enweghị mmiri fọdụrụ.

Heatwork

Mmetụta jikọrọ ọkụ na oge na kiln; ihe cone na-atụ.

Kaolin (UK: china clay)

Ụrọ ọcha dị ọcha na-enye alumina na silica; na-ejide glaze n'ime mmiri. Australia: Eckalite.

Kiln wash

Ihe mkpuchi na-eguzogide ọkụ nke na-echekwa shelf kiln pụọ na ntapụ.

Leaching (ịhapụ metal)

Metal na-agbaze site na glaze a gbara ọkụ banye na nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.

Limit formula (target formula)

Ókè unity formula a na-ahụkarị maka glaze kwụsiri ike na cone; nduzi, ọ bụghị nkwa.

Line blend

Nnwale na-agbanwe otu ihe n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ. Triaxial blend na-agbanwe atọ na grid.

Glaze ime (liner glaze)

Glaze kwụsiri ike, na-adịkarị doro anya ma ọ bụ ọcha, maka elu na-emetụ nri.

LOI (loss on ignition)

Ịdị arọ furu efu n'oge ọkụ dịka mmiri, carbon dioxide, ihe ndụ ma ọ bụ sulfur.

Ịgba otu ugboro (once-firing, single firing)

Itinye glaze n'ite a na-agbabeghị ọkụ ma gbaa ya naanị otu ugboro.

Opacifier

Ihe, dịka zircon, tin oxide ma ọ bụ titanium dioxide, nke na-eme ka glaze ghara ikwe ka ìhè gafee.

Oxidation na reduction

Ịgba ọkụ na oxygen zuru ezu (kiln eletrik), ma ọ bụ na oxygen e gbochiri (na-abụkarị gas ma ọ bụ nkụ).

Oxide

Ngwakọta nke element na oxygen; nyocha oxide na-edepụta ha site na pasentị ịdị arọ.

Pinholing na blistering (afụ)

Obere oghere, ma ọ bụ olulu nwere ọnụ nkọ, ebe gas gbapụrụ site n'ihe gbazere.

Porcelain

Ahụ ụrọ ọcha, nwere ọtụtụ kaolin, ọkụ dị elu, na-enwekarị ìhè na-agafe ya.

R₂O na RO

Flux alkali (Na₂O, K₂O, Li₂O) na flux alkaline earth (CaO, MgO, BaO, SrO, ya na ZnO).

Shivering

Glaze na-ekpupụ n'akụkụ n'ihi na a pịkọrọ ya karịa; ihe ize ndụ na ite e ji arụ ọrụ.

Silica (SiO₂)

Ihe na-eme iko; a na-akpọkwa ya flint ma ọ bụ quartz.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ silica na alumina (silica to alumina ratio)

Silica kere site na alumina na unity formula: nke dị elu na-aga n'ngbuke, nke dị ala na matte.

Slip na engobe

Ụrọ na mmiri; engobe bụ ihe mkpuchi dị ka slip nwere ihe na-abụghị ụrọ karịa.

Specific gravity (SG)

Ịdị arọ slurry ma e tụnyere ya na otu olu mmiri ahụ. UK ochie: pint weight.

Stabilizer

Oxide, ọkachasị alumina, nke na-eme ka ihe gbazere sie ike ma na-agbakwunye ogologo ndụ.

Stoneware

Ahụ ụrọ ọkụ etiti ruo ọkụ dị elu (ihe dị ka cone 5–10) nke na-aghọ vitreous ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta.

Thixotropy

Ịsọ mgbe a na-akpali ya, ịkpụkọ ghọọ gel dị nro mgbe ọ nọ jụụ.

Underglaze

Slip nwere agba ma ọ bụ ịchọ mma oxide, na-anọkarị n'okpuru glaze doro anya.

Unity molecular formula (UMF, Seger formula)

Oxide nke glaze dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ molecule, ahaziri ka flux gbakọọ 1.

Vitrification

Ahụ ụrọ na-aghọ dị ka iko na enweghị oghere n'oge ọkụ.

Wax resist

Wax e tere ebe glaze ekwesịghị ịga, na-abụkarị ụkwụ ite.

Whiting

Calcium carbonate, isi flux calcium; na-efu karịa 40% nke ịdị arọ ya n'oge ọkụ. German: Kreide.

Isi mmalite

• Glazy Help: Glaze
• Glazy Help: Oxides
• Glazy Help: Raw materials
• Glazy Help: Glossary
• Glazy Help: Analyses
• Glazy Help: Firing
• Glazy Help: Defects
• Glazy Help: Specific gravity
• Orton Ceramic Foundation: Pyrometric cone chart, °F (site na The Ceramic Shop)
• Digitalfire: Bisque
• Digitalfire: Bentonite
• Digitalfire: Unity molecular formula
• Digitalfire: LOI
• Digitalfire: Frit
• Digitalfire: Limit formula
• Digitalfire: Glaze crazing
• Digitalfire: Glaze shivering
• Digitalfire: Specific gravity
• Digitalfire: Oxidation firing
• Ceramic Arts Network: Common glaze faults and how to correct them (Linda Bloomfield)
• Ceramic Arts Network: An introduction to color (Birdie Boone)
• Ceramic Arts Network: 8 ways to apply glaze (Robin Hopper)
• Glendale Community College: Glaze color
• Potclays: The difference between stoneware and earthenware
• US FDA: Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 545.450, Pottery (ceramics), lead contamination
• EUR-Lex: Council Directive 84/500/EEC of 15 October 1984 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs
• eCFR: 21 CFR 109.16, Ornamental and decorative ceramicware